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Fabrication of an electrochromic device by using WO3 thin films synthesized using facile single-step hydrothermal process
摘要： The development of an uncomplicated process for the preparation of tungsten oxide (WO3) nanorods (NRs) using hydrothermal method is still underway. Thus, this study demonstrated the growth of WO3 NRs on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates in aqueous solution using single synthesis step hydrothermally. The surface area and size of the NRs which should be tunable for electrochromic (EC) applications were controlled by adjusting the concentration of surfactants such as propylene glycol (PG). The synthesized NRs were illustrated using crystal structure study, surface morphology, chemical analysis, and the measure of the luminance of a color. The results manifested that increasing the PG content increased the size of the crystallite with a nanoparticle-like morphology on the ITO substrate, indicating the direct deposition of a stable WO3 thin film. In addition, the synthesized WO3 NRs exhibited fast switching speed and high contrast ratio implying superior EC properties for smart window application. Furthermore, an EC device with the dimensions of 2×4 cm2 was assembled using the synthesized WO3 NRs with the ITO/WO3/Lithium perchlorate-propylene carbonate-poly(methyl methacrylate)-acetonitrile/nickel oxide/ITO configuration. The device had an average optical modulation in the visible region, a fast EC response time (1.2 s for coloration and 1.5 s for decoloration), excellent coloration efficiency (243 cm2 C-1) and a superior EC stability (over 20000 color/decolor cycles).
关键词： nanorod,tungsten trioxide,single-step method,Hydrothermal method,electrochromic device
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Controllable Fabrication of Perylene Bisimide Self-assembled Film and Patterned All-solid-state Electrochromic Device
摘要： A water-soluble perylene bisimide derivative of N,N-bis(2-phosphonoethyl)-3,4,9,10-perylenediimide (PPDI) was synthesized by introducing phosphoric acid units. PPDI self-assembled films were prepared controllably on hydroxylated ITO glass through a zirconium-phosphonate approach. There is a linear increase between the film thickness and the number of self-assembly layers. Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical analysis reveal that the PPDI self-assembed films show excellent reversible redox behavior and cathodic electrochromic character which can be switched from a neutral orange-red color to deep purple color in the reduced state. In particular, the PPDI self-assembled film with 10 layers have good integrated performance in term of reasonable optical contrast (31%), fast switching time (0.75 s) and good cycle stability. A large-scale patterned all-solid-state electrochromic device (50 mm × 60 mm) was fabricated by utilizing PPDI self-assembled film as the electrochromic layer and the device shows obvious reversible electrochromism, which provides a new direction for the production of electrochromic device, like smart-window, sunglasses and electronic tags.
关键词： Perylene bisimide,Layer-by-layer self-assembly,Cathodic electrochromism,Patterned electrochromic device,Controllable fabrication
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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A Multipurpose Conjugated Polymer: Electrochromic Device and Biosensor Construction for Glucose Detection
摘要： First example of electrochemically polymerized thiazolothiazole containing electrochromic conducting polymer;Poly(2,5-di(furan-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole) (PTTzFr) was obtained via cyclic voltammetry. The polymer structure bears furan unit as the donor and thiazolothiazole unit as the acceptor. PTTzFr film was obtained on an ITO coated glass slide and its electrochemical and optoelectronic properties were investigated. Polymeric film showed reversible redox behavior along with reversible electrochromic behavior from reddish orange to grey having a band gap value of 1.80 eV. It has fast switching times (0.3 s and 0.4 s) with high optical contrast values at visible and NIR regions (38% at 460 nm and 63% at 1225 nm). Optoelectronic device application was performed by constructing a dual type electrochromic device (ECD) with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). Resulting device showed a remarkable optical memory without changing its % transmittance value during 200 s at 450 nm. Additionally, to construct a sensing interface, in the present work, a conjugated polymer (PTTzFr) containing biosensor was constructed for the glucose analysis. The architecture showed a promising sensing system for biosensor application. For the preparation of the proposed sensor, polymer film was coated on graphite electrode surface and fabricated as a glucose biosensor with immobilization of glucose oxidase. The biosensor was successfully applied for the determination of glucose in beverage. Under optimized conditions, the proposed sensor served a low detection limit (12.8 × 10?3 mM), and high sensitivity (65.44 μAmM?1cm?2). To the best of our knowledge, a sensor design and ECD construction using electrochemically polymerized PTTzFr that shows superior properties for both systems were attempted for the first time, and this approach resulted in improved biosensor and ECD characteristics.
关键词： thiazolothiazole containing conducting polymer,electrochromic device,electrochromic polymer,Amperometric biosensor,glucose biosensor
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Xanthommatin-Based Electrochromic Displays Inspired by Nature
摘要： Color is a signature visual feature in nature; however, the ability to trigger color change in the presence of different environmental stimuli is unique to only a handful of species in the animal kingdom. We exploit the natural color-changing properties of arthropods and cephalopods—xanthommatin (Xa)—and describe its utility as a new broad-spectrum electrochromic material. To accomplish this goal, we explored the spectroelectrochemical properties of Xa adsorbed to an indium-doped tin oxide-coated substrate chemically modified with poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). We identified a synergistic role between PEDOT:PSS and Xa that contributed to its absorption profile, which could be modulated across multiple cycles. By varying the ratio of the two electroactive components, we also altered the perceived visible color of Xa-based devices, which cycled from different shades of red to yellow under reducing and oxidizing potentials, respectively. Together, our data illustrate the utility of Xa-based devices as new broad-spectrum electrochromic materials.
关键词： redox,poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)?poly(styrenesulfonate),xanthommatin,spectroelectrochemistry,electrochromic device
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Low Power Stretchable Active-Matrix Red, Green, Blue (RGB) Electrochromic Device Array of Poly(3-methylthiophene)/Prussian blue
摘要： We report the fabrication of a stretchable array of active-matrix (AM) electrochromic devices (ECDs). The ECD is made of poly(3-methylthiophene) and Prussian blue electrodes with a mixed gel electrolyte of acetonitrile, poly(methyl methacrylate), propylene carbonate, and lithium perchlorate. The ECD displays can express red, green, or blue (RGB) depending on the applied voltage and has a high stability in air. It exhibits low power consumption levels of 331 and 378 μW cm-2 (10 s duration) at -1.0 and 1.0 V, respectively, and a high coloration efficiency of 201.6 cm2 C-1 at 1.0 V. A 4 × 4 AM ECD array is integrated on a deformable Ecoflex substrate via a dry transfer method using patterned liquid metal-interconnections. The display shows a mechanical stability under bending and biaxial stretching by 30%. Finite element method analysis of the strain distribution also confirms that strain is not applied to the ECDs, guaranteeing stable operation of the array under deformation. Furthermore, a stretchable 6 × 6 AM ECD array for higher resolution display also exhibits mechanical stability under 30% biaxial stretching. This work demonstrates the high potential of our stretchable ECD array in low power-consuming displays for stretchable electronics, wearable devices, and electronic skin.
关键词： electrochromic device,active-matrix display,stretchable electronics,poly(3-methylthiophene),prussian blue
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Highly uniform electrochromic tungsten oxide thin films deposited by e-beam evaporation for energy saving systems
摘要： In the last few decades, there has been a surge of interest in using tungsten oxide thin films as an active layer of electrochromic device. These devices have several practical applications such as smart window of buildings and automobile glazing for energy saving. The main objective of this work was to construct highly homogeneous and uniform e-beam evaporated amorphous WO3-x based films into electrochromic devices, which were fully characterized for switching speed, coloration efficiencies and cycling voltammetry responses. Fabricated devices contain indium doped transparent oxide coated glass as the transparent conductive electrode, ～200 nm thickness of WO3-x as the cathodically coloring material and a lithium perchlorate based conducting gel electrolyte. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that all as-deposited films are amorphous. Experimental results showed that both solid and liquid electrolyte electrochromic devices are initially very transparent that exhibit perfect optical modulation and coloration efficiency (up to 68.7 cm2/C and 52.6 cm2/C at 630 nm, respectively) due to easier intercalation of the Li+ within their structure. One of the more significant findings to emerge from this study is that e-beam coated electrochromic devices based on tungsten oxide thin films showed superior performance among to other coating methods. Therefore, excellent reversibility of color change behavior is attractive for pertinent use in electrochromic energy storage devices.
关键词： Thin film,Tungsten oxide,Electrochromic device,Electron-beam evaporation
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Iridium oxide catalyst for hybrid electrochromic device based on tetramethylthiourea (TMTU) redox electrolyte
摘要： This work reports a study on sputter coated iridium oxide film as a counter electrode (CE) for the electrochemical catalysis of tetramethylthiourea/tetramethylformaminium disulfide (TMTU/TMFDS2+) redox reaction in electrochromic (EC) devices. The iridium oxide (IrOx) with the thickness of about 5 nm coated onto transparent conductive oxide, e.g., fluorine-doped tin oxide (F:SnO2), has shown excellent catalytic properties and excellent electrochromic cycling stability in EC device. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results revealed that the charge transfer resistance (Rct) is mainly influenced by the oxygen flow rate during the sputtering process, and by the layer thickness. The IrOX films coated with low oxygen flow rate has shown a lower charge transfer resistance compared to the fully oxidized iridium oxide film. However, sub-stoichiometric layers are less transparent, and therefore less appropriate for the application. In this regard, fully oxidized and highly transparent (Tvisible = 86%) layer formed by the sputtering process at or above 50 sccm (standard cubic centimeters per minute) flow of oxygen having the thickness of 5 nm is used in EC devices. These layers have the Rct of 25 Ω cm2 at 1 V bias voltage for the redox electrolytes. The cyclic voltammetry technique has shown a typical quasi-reversible nature of redox electrolyte at the same IrOx coated electrode. An electrochromic test for 550 cycles demonstrates that 5 nm of IrOx is sufficient for the stabile EC window with TMTU/TMFDS2+ electrolyte.
关键词： Sputter coating,Redox electrolyte,Iridium oxide,Electrochromic device,Tetramethylthiourea
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Photopolymerization of electroactive film applied to full polymer electrochromic device
摘要： Electroactive films of thiophene-acrylate polymers were simultaneously photopolymerized by means of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation using diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate and acrylate special photoinitiators (PIs) as a mixed photoinitiator. Free radicals from PIs can promote cationic polymerization of thiophenes. Electrical conductivity and transmittance of the electroactive film are high to 10–2 S·cm–1 and >90%. Electroactivity of the photopolymerized polymer film was confirmed by electro-polymerization of aniline on this film in aqueous solution and employed to assemble a full polymer electrochromic device having a superior optical contrast of 36.6%.
关键词： electrochromic device,polymer blends and alloys,thiophene-acrylate polymer composites,photopolymerization,electroactive film
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14