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[IEEE 2018 IEEE 21st International Multi-Topic Conference (INMIC) - Karachi, Pakistan (2018.11.1-2018.11.2)] 2018 IEEE 21st International Multi-Topic Conference (INMIC) - Optimum Unit Sizing of Stand-Alone PV-WT-Battery Hybrid System Components Using Jaya
摘要： Renewable energy sources (RESs) are considered as reliable and green electric power generations. Photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine (WT) are used to provide electricity in remote areas. The optimum unit sizing of hybrid RESs components is a vital challenge in a stand-alone system. This paper presents Jaya algorithm for optimum unit sizing of a PV-WT-Battery hybrid system to fulfill the consumer’s load at minimal cost. The reliability of the system is considered by a maximum allowable loss of power supply probability (LP SPmax). The results obtained from the Jaya algorithm show that the PV-WT-Battery hybrid system is the most economical and cost-effective solution for all proposed LP SPmax values as compared to PV-Battery and WT-Battery systems.
关键词： Unit sizing,optimization,renewable energy sources,energy storage system,LPSP
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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[IEEE 2018 IEEE XXVII International Scientific Conference Electronics (ET) - Sozopol, Bulgaria (2018.9.13-2018.9.15)] 2018 IEEE XXVII International Scientific Conference Electronics - ET - Algorithm for Single Axis Solar Tracker
摘要： The Sun gives us PW’s free of charge renewable energy, which can be converted into electricity by photovoltaic panels or into heat by sun collectors. Algorithm and hardware block diagram of single axis solar tracker are made in this paper. Also a comparison is made between a single axis solar tracking photo voltaic system and a fixed one. One axis solar tracking system gets average up to 30% more solar energy in comparison with the static one.
关键词： Solar Energy,Microcontroller,Photovoltaic,Green Energy,Solar Tracker
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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[SpringerBriefs in Energy] Grid Parity and Carbon Footprint (An Analysis for Residential Solar Energy in the Mediterranean Area) ||
摘要： In the context of global warming, big cities’ atmosphere is always more contaminated and natural disasters in augmentation, solar energy, and more generally renewable energies are sources of great enthusiasm. Besides, thanks to recent improvements in technologies, the costs of photovoltaic (PV) have strongly declined in the last decades and are now accessible for particulars. The purpose of this project is then to study the economic profitability of solar energy for a residential use. A common and appropriate tool for this is the grid parity. This term, largely used in the literature, refers to the moment when producing electricity from solar modules will have the same cost than buying it from the grid. Grid parity depends mainly on the geographic position (as solar irradiation is very different from a place to another) and on the local electricity price. Consequently, a country with expensive electricity and a high rate of irradiation is more likely to reach grid parity soon. In the present study, the geographic framework chosen is the Mediterranean area, which includes countries with similar climates but with other differences sufficiently important to obtain interesting comparative results. The PV system used in the following model is a basic one since it does not include energy storage or resale to the grid, which gives a conservative perspective to the study. Extensive financial analysis is conducted in order to determine under which conditions it is the most profitable. The secondary objective is to evaluate the environmental impact of solar energy, mainly by carrying out carbon footprint analysis. It basically consists in comparing the emissions released by the manufacturing process of the modules to the reduction obtained thanks to its utilization. This study is first realized at an individual level and, then, is generalized at a national one in order to measure what could be the contribution of a massive investment in residential solar energy to the Paris agreement objectives.
关键词： Mediterranean area,Carbon footprint,Residential solar energy,Economic profitability,Environmental impact,Photovoltaic energy,Grid parity
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Wetting Transition from the Cassie–Baxter State to the Wenzel State on Regularly Nanostructured Surfaces Induced by an Electric Field
摘要： When droplets are placed on hydrophobic textured surfaces, different wetting state Cassie-Baxter (CB) state or Wenzel (W) state may occur depending on materials and structures of surfaces, types and sizes of droplets, thermal fluctuations, and external stimuli. The wetting transition from the CB to the W state and the opposite process have attracted a great deal of attention due to their primary importance for designing and fabricating textured surfaces. In this work, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are employed to understand the mechanism behind the CB-to-W transition for a nanoscale water film placed on a surface decorated with a single nanogroove when an external electric field is applied. The free energy variation during the transition process is computed on the basis of the restrained MD simulations. Water intrusion into the groove is observed by simulation snapshots, which provides a direct evidence for the electric-field-induced CB-to-W transition. In the previous experiments, however, only a sharp reduction in the apparent contact angle is employed to judge whether the transition takes place. The free energy curves reveal that there are two energy barriers separating the CB and W states (?E1) as well as separating the W and CB states (?E2). Owing to the presence of ?E1, although the CB state has a higher free energy than the W state, it cannot spontaneously convert to the W state. When the external energy input exceeds ?E1, the CB-to-W transition can be triggered, otherwise the transition will stop, and the water film will return to the CB state. Moreover, it is found that the maximum of free energy always occurs after the film touches the groove bottom. Thus, the requirement of the film touching the groove bottom is responsible for the presence of the energy barrier ?E1. Finally, the dependences of the two energy barriers on the electric field strength, groove aspect ratio, and intrinsic contact angle of the groove are also discussed.
关键词： Cassie-Baxter state,wetting transition,Wenzel state,energy barrier,free energy,molecular dynamics simulations.
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Handling Electromagnetic Radiation beyond Terahertz using Chromophores to Transition from Visible Light to Petahertz Technology
摘要： An increase of the operating frequencies of electromagnetic waves leads from the well-established terahertz technology to the visual and reaches petahertz radiation. It is shown that electromagnetic radiation close to petahertz is attractive for technology where knowledge about radio waves can be applied. The dimensions of such radiation are still classically macroscopic; however, molecular components such as resonators were used where quantum mechanics rules have to be considered. Constructions of coupled resonators for energy transfer are as well demonstrated as molecular components for optical metamaterials.
关键词： Dyes,FRET,Energy transfer,Reflectance,Petahertz,Visible light,Resonators,Metamaterials,Terahertz,Electromagnetic radiation
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Induced Charge Fluctuations in Semiconductor Detectors with a Cylindrical Geometry
摘要： Now, compound semiconductors are very appealing for hard X-ray room-temperature detectors for medical and astrophysical applications. Despite the attractive properties of compound semiconductors, such as high atomic number, high density, wide band gap, low chemical reactivity and long-term stability, poor hole and electron mobility-lifetime products degrade the energy resolution of these detectors. The main objective of the present study is in development of a mathematical model of the process of the charge induction in a cylindrical geometry with accounting for the charge carrier trapping. The formulae for the moments of the distribution function of the induced charge and the formulae for the mean amplitude and the variance of the signal at the output of the semiconductor detector with a cylindrical geometry were derived. It was shown that the power series expansions of the detector amplitude and the variance in terms of the inverse bias voltage allow determining the Fano factor, electron mobility lifetime product, and the nonuniformity level of the trap density of the semiconductor material.
关键词： cylindrical geometry,compound semiconductors,energy resolution,charge carriers trapping,charge induction
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Quantumness in light harvesting is determined by vibrational dynamics
摘要： We demonstrate for the multi-level spin-boson (MLSB) Hamiltonian, typically used to describe biological light-harvesting, that the distinction between quantum and classical dynamics is determined entirely by the thermal environment. In particular, any MLSB model featuring classical interactions with a classical bath is exactly equivalent in its absorption and energy transfer dynamics to a classical model involving coupled harmonic oscillators. This result holds in the linear response regime for both pulsed and incoherent excitation. In the biological context, this finding highlights the centrality of vibrational dynamics in determining the 'quantumness' of photosynthetic light-harvesting, particularly in the creation of the photosynthetic energy funnel where excitation energy concentrates near the reaction center via a series of downhill energy transfer events. These findings support the idea that this energy funnel is exclusively quantum-mechanical in origin, although it need not rely on entanglement.
关键词： vibrational dynamics,energy transfer,photosynthesis,quantumness,light harvesting,spin-boson model
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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A Low Frequency Vibration Energy Harvester Using ZnO Nanowires on Elastic Interdigitated Electrodes
摘要： This paper presents a low frequency piezoelectric vibration energy harvester using ZnO nanowires on elastic interdigitated electrodes. The interdigitated electrodes are formed using electroplated Ni and have suspended parts at the edges that are elastic and deformable by applying external force. A spherical Ni ball is used as a proof mass, which transforms a low frequency mechanical vibration into the force applied to deform the elastic electrodes. The ZnO nanowires are grown selectively on the electrodes and can generate a piezoelectric potential when the elastic electrodes are deformed by the proof mass activated by the external mechanical vibration. The proposed operation concept is demonstrated using two different types of energy harvesters, which have simple suspended part and cantilever array structures added to the electrodes, respectively. The output voltage of the fabricated harvesters is measured using a vibration exciter at 6 Hz sinusoidal vibration with an acceleration of 0.5 g. Maximum output power of 12.8 pW and 18.8 pW was generated with a load resistance of 1 MΩ for the harvesters using the simple suspended structure and cantilever array, respectively.
关键词： Spherical Proof Mass,Elastic Interdigitated Electrodes,ZnO Nanowires,Low Frequency Piezoelectric Vibration Energy Harvester
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Modification of TiO <sub/>2</sub> (1?1?0)/organic hole transport layer interface energy levels by a dipolar perylene derivative
摘要： Our photoemission study reveals that the work function of TiO2(1 1 0) decreases by up to 1.5 eV upon deposition of 9-(bis-(p-(tert-octyl)phenyl)amino)-perylene-3,4-dicarboxylic anhydride (BOPA-PDCA). This effect is attributed to a chemical reaction of TiO2(1 1 0) and the molecular anhydride group, as well as the molecular dipole. Analysis of the film thickness dependent photoemission and metastable atom electron spectroscopy data reveals that for low coverage the perylene backbone of BOPA-PDCA is almost parallel to the substrate surface and higher coverage leads to an orientational transition to essentially upright standing molecules. Comparing the energy-level alignment between TiO2(1 1 0) and the hole transport materials N,N′-bis(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine (NPB) without and with the BOPA-PDCA interlayer, we find that the perylene derivative has a positive impact on the level alignment for dye-sensitized solar cells with high open-circuit voltages.
关键词： solid state dye-sensitized solar cell,titanium dioxide,energy-level alignment,ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy,metastable atom electron spectroscopy,perylene
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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A dual-band efficient circularly polarized rectenna for RF energy harvesting systems
摘要： A multilayered circularly polarized (CP), dual-band, stacked slit-/slotted-patch antenna with compact size and with compact rectifier is offered for RF energy harvesting systems. The compact dual-band CP antenna size is able to achieve by stacking slotted-circular-patch (SCP) on the substrate above the tapered-slit-octagon patch (TSOP). Dual-band CP radiation is realized by stacking the SCP on the TSOP and the microstrip feedline with metallic-via to SCP. Eight-tapered-slit with length difference of 6.25% are embedded along the octagonal directions symmetrically on the TSOP from the patch's center and two unequal size circular slots are embedded in diagonal axis onto SCP to produce dual-orthogonal modes with almost equal magnitude for CP waves. The designed antenna is realized measured gain of greater than 5.2 dBic across the band (0.908-0.922 GHz) with maximum gain of 5.41 dBic at 0.918 GHz and gain of greater than 6.14 dBic across the band (2.35-2.50 GHz) with maximum gain of 7.94 dBic at 2.485 GHz. An overall antenna volume is 0.36λo × 0.36λo × 0.026λo (λo is free space wavelength at 0.9 GHz). A compact composite right-/left-handed (CRLH) based rectifier with dual-band at 0.9 and 2.45 GHz is designed, prototyped, and measured. The right-handed (RH) part of the CRLH transmission line (TL) is formed by a microstrip line. The left-handed (LH) part of the CRLH-TL is formed by lumped components. The measured RF-DC conversion efficiency is 43% at 0.9 GHz and 39% at 2.45 GHz with rectifier size of 0.18λo × 0.075λo × 0.0002λo at 0.9 GHz.
关键词： slotted-patch,stacked antenna,energy harvesting,rectenna,rectifier,circular polarization,dual-band
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52