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A Global Perspective for Sustainable Highway Tunnel Lighting Regulations: Greater Road Safety with a Lower Environmental Impact
摘要： Tunnel lighting installations function 24 h a day, 365 days a year. These infrastructures have increased exponentially and now connect quite distant locations, even on different continents. This has led European administrations and international regulatory bodies to establish regulations for tunnel safety with the lowest environmental impact. However, until now, these regulations have almost exclusively focused on traffic safety, and relegated sustainability to the background. Even though they recognize the need to reduce energy consumption, they do not propose any tools for doing so. Given the impact of these installations and the lack of a specific regulatory framework, Asian countries will soon be forced either to update previous standards for tunnel lighting or elaborate new ones. A better understanding of the weaknesses of European regulations combined with a willingness to embrace innovation could position Asia as a world leader in the regulation of more sustainable road tunnels. The objective of this research was to improve the sustainability of tunnel lighting installations through new regulations or amendments to existing ones, without impairing the mental well-being of users, who could potentially be affected by energy-saving measures. Accordingly, this paper presents and analyzes a broad proposal for formulating tunnel lighting regulations. The originality of this proposal lies in the fact that it integrates road safety, lower environmental impact, and user well-being. Furthermore, it is expected to broaden the perspective of regulatory bodies and public administrations with regard to tunnel installations, which would ultimately enhance their sustainability.
关键词： driver well-being,sustainability,public perception,tunnel safety,environmental impacts
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Possibilities of Using Semi-Transparent Photovoltaic Modules on Rooftops of Greenhouses for Covering Their Energy Needs
摘要： Semi-transparent photovoltaic cells allow the transmittance of solar irradiance through them and they have been used in building’s skylights and facades. Their use on rooftops of greenhouses can result in electricity generation which can cover part or all of their energy needs without affecting the growth of the plants. This also results in the decrease of cooling requirements during the summer since less solar irradiance is entering the greenhouse and lower CO2 emissions due to energy use in it. However, their current prices are high compared with the prices of opaque PV cells. The purpose of the present work is to investigate the possible use of semi-transparent PV modules placed on the roof of energy intensive greenhouses in Crete-Greece in order to cover their energy requirements and sell the surplus electricity into the grid. Two different cases have been studied where greenhouses of 1,000 m2 each cover their high heating needs using heat pumps and solid biomass. PV modules of 42.5 KWp can be placed on their roofs covering slightly less than 50 % of their surface allowing enough solar irradiance to enter the greenhouse. In the first case the generated electricity can cover more than 80 % of total energy needs and in the second all the energy needs offering the possibility of selling the surplus electricity to the grid. However, the current high prices of semi-transparent PVs do not favour their use by farmers since their installation costs are high. Future financial support from the government could increase their attractiveness for commercial applications in greenhouses.
关键词： greenhouses,electricity generation,cost,environmental impacts,Semi-transparent photovoltaics,energy
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Reliability and Ecological Aspects of Photovoltaic Modules || Toxic Materials Used in Thin Film Photovoltaics and Their Impacts on Environment
摘要： Photovoltaic industry has proved to be a growing and advantageous source of energy as it can be renewable, sustainable, reliable and clean. Significant improvements have been made in materials used and the production processes to reduce the costs, and to avoid possible issues induced by some hazardous materials. However, some health and environment challenges last, which must be overcome to make this technology a source of truly clean energy. This chapter provides an overview on the major environmental impacts of thin film technology associated with the use of toxic materials and the chemicals in the manufacturing processes. A summary of Environmental, Health and Safety issues associated with some thin film technologies like copper indium gallium diselenide (CIS/CIGS), cadmium telluride (CdTe) and amorphous silicon (a-Si) is done, in order to investigate potential infections induced by the environmental release of trace elements, usually coming from chemical vapor inhalation and eventually accidental spills during the manufacturing processes, on the health of humans and animals. Potential solutions will be provided to prevent some environmental issues.
关键词： waste minimization,recycling,environmental impacts,thin film technology,hazardous materials,toxic chemicals,manufacturing processes
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Life cycle assessment of hole transport free planara??mesoscopic perovskite solar cells
摘要： Organo-metal lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) attract attention due to their low cost and high power conversion efficiency. Some weak points of this technology are short lifetime, instability, and expensive metal electrode deposition. Eliminating the unstable hole transport layer (HTL) and using carbon-based materials as the counter electrode would address both. In this work, we present a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of two HTL-free PSC designs, which use solution phase deposition to achieve mesoscopic and planar structures. Environmental impacts of producing 1 m2 PSCs are converted to impacts per kWh electricity generation assuming 5 years of operational lifetime. We find that major impacts come from fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) glass patterning due to the electricity consumption of FTO patterning and glass cleaning processes. Even though the electricity consumption when manufacturing both PSCs is similar, their different efficiencies make the environmental impacts per kWh of electricity higher for the mesoscopic PSC than for the planar PSC. Energy payback time values of planar PSCs and mesoscopic PSCs are 0.58 and 0.74 years, respectively, and these values are shorter than those of commercial first and second generation solar cells. However, the global warming potential (GWP) values of planar and mesoscopic PSCs are 75 and 94 g CO2-eq/kWh, respectively, and these values are still higher than those of commercial solar cells. To reach the GWP of commercial cells, the operational lifetime would have to be 8 and 10 years for planar and mesoscopic PSCs, respectively.
关键词： mesoscopic,environmental impacts,HTL-free,life cycle assessment,planar,perovskite solar cells
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Environmental Impact of the High Concentrator Photovoltaic Thermal 2000x System
摘要： High Concentrator Photovoltaic Thermal (HCPV/T) systems produce both electrical and thermal energy and they are efficient in areas with high Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI). This paper estimates the lifecycle environmental impact of the HCPV/T 2000x system for both electrical and thermal functionalities. Process-based attributional method following the guidelines and framework of ISO 14044/40 was used to conduct the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The midpoint and endpoint impact categories were studied. It was found that the main hotspots are the production of the thermal energy system contributing with 50% and 55%, respectively, followed by the production of the tracking system with 29% and 32% and the operation and maintenance with 13% and 7%. The main contributor to the lifecycle environmental impact category indicators was found to be the raw materials acquisition/production and manufacturing of the thermal energy and tracking systems. The results indicate that the lifecycle environmental impact of the HCPV/T 2000x system is lower compared to fuel-based Combined Heat and Power (CHP) and non-Renewable Energy Sources (non-RES) systems.
关键词： High Concentrator Photovoltaic Thermal (HCPV/T),environmental impacts,Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Life Cycle Assessment of Solar Fa?ade Concepts Based on Transparent Insulation Materials
摘要： Contemporary architecture and construction industry are trying to cope with increasing requirements concerning energy efficiency and environmental impacts. One of the available options is the active utilization of energy gains from the environment, specifically solar energy gains. These gains can be utilized by, for example, solar walls and facades. The solar fa?ade concept has been under development for more than a century. However, it has not achieved widespread use for various reasons. Rather recently the concept was enhanced by the application of transparent insulation materials that have the potential to increase the efficiency of such fa?ades. The presented study evaluates the environmental efficiency of 10 solar fa?ade assemblies in the mild climate of the Czech Republic, Central Europe. The evaluated fa?ade assemblies combine the principles of a solar wall with transparent insulation based on honeycomb and polycarbonate panels. The study applies Life-Cycle Assessment methodology to the calculation of environmental impacts related to the life cycle of the evaluated assemblies. The results indicate that even though there are several limiting factors, fa?ade assemblies with transparent insulation have lower environmental impacts compared to a reference assembly with standard thermal insulation. The highest achieved difference is approx. 84% (in favor of the assembly with transparent insulation) during a modelled 50-year fa?ade assembly service life.
关键词： transparent insulation,environmental impacts,fa?ade,building,Life-Cycle Assessment,low-emissivity
更新于2025-09-19 17:15:36
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Lighting up the nighttime
摘要： Artificial light at night needs to be reduced to limit negative environmental impacts. Among the most visually compelling images of the whole Earth have been those created using data obtained at night by astronauts or from satellites. The proliferation in use of electric lighting—including from industrial, commercial, municipal, and domestic sources—is striking. It sketches the spatial distribution of much of the human population, outlining a substantial proportion of the world’s coastline, highlighting a multitude of towns and cities, and drawing the major highways that connect them. The data embodied in these nighttime images have been used to estimate and map levels of energy use, urbanization, and economic activity. They have also been key in focusing attention on the environmental impacts of the artificial light at night itself. Explicit steps need to be taken to limit these impacts, which vary according to the intensity, spectrum, spatial extent, and temporal dynamics of this lighting.
关键词： lighting technology,biological responses,skyglow,artificial light at night,environmental impacts
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36