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A data-driven framework to predict the morphology of interfacial Cu6Sn5 IMC in SAC/Cu system during laser soldering
摘要： A data-driven approach combining together the experimental laser soldering, finite element analysis and machine learning, has been utilized to predict the morphology of interfacial intermetallic compound (IMC) in Sn-xAg-yCu/Cu (SAC/Cu) system. Six types of SAC solders with varying weight proportion of Ag and Cu, have been processed with fiber laser at different magnitudes of power (30-50 W) and scan speed (10-240 mm/min), and the resultant IMC morphologies characterized through scanning electron microscope are categorized as prismatic and scalloped ones. For the different alloy composition and laser parameters, finite element method (FEM) is employed to compute the transient distribution of temperature at the interface of solder and substrates. The FEM-generated datasets are supplied to a neural network that predicts the IMC morphology through the quantified values of temperature dependent Jackson parameter (αJ). The numerical value of αJ predicted from neural network is validated with experimental IMC morphologies. The critical scan speed for the morphology transition between prismatic and scalloped IMC is estimated for each solder composition at a given power. Sn-0.7Cu having the largest critical scan speed at 30 W and Sn-3.5Ag alloy having the largest critical scan speed at input power values of 40 W and 50 W, thus possessing the greatest likelihood of forming prismatic interfacial IMC during laser soldering, can be inferred as most suitable SAC solders in applications exposed to shear loads.
关键词： Neural network,Intermetallic compound,Lead-free solders,Finite element method (FEM),Laser parameters,Morphology
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Development and calibration of a CFD-based model of the bed fusion SLM additive manufacturing process aimed at optimising laser parameters
摘要： The main concern deriving from the Selective Laser Melting technique is attaining a fully dense part out of the interconnected tracks. The right choice of process parameters is of fundamental importance to get a porosity free component. In this work a model has been developed simulating the printing process with the aim of creating a simple numerical tool for designing processing windows suitable to metal alloys of any composition. The applied simplified approach makes the model use as much practical as possible, while keeping the physical description representative. The model has been calibrated fitting experimental measures of track width, depth and cross sectional area taken from three literature sources, referring to: Ti6Al4V, Inconel 625 and Al7050. Effective liquid pool thermal conductivity, laser absorptivity and depth of application of laser energy are the fitting parameters. Laser absorptivity and depth of application of laser energy result to rise almost linearly with increasing specific energy; the slopes of the three analyzed alloys result very close to each other. The obtained results give confidence about the possibility of using the model as a predicting tool after further calibration on a wider range of metal alloys.
关键词： laser parameters,numerical model,processing window,SLM,additive manufacturing,metal alloys
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Optimization of Surface Roughness and Power Consumption in laser-assisted machining of Inconel 718 by Taguchi based Response Surface Methodology
摘要： Inconel 718 a difficult-to-machine material is used in critical aero engines components. Surface roughness (product quality) and power consumption (energy efficiency) are two important benchmark factors for manufacturing industry as it deserves to determine the optimal design points in laser assisted machining (LAM) for sustainability performance of the machining process. Moreover, the optimization of laser beam angle and laser power along with technological parameters (cutting speed, feed rate) is not reported in the literature during laser-assisted machining (LAM) of Inconel 718. In this context, it is worthy to investigate the effects of these parameters on these two quality characteristics during the LAM of this fantastic material. Laser aided machinability experiments are carried out with coated carbide insert at three different cutting speeds (60, 105 and 150 m/min), three different feed rates (0.05, 0.0875 and 0.125 mm/rev), three laser power (1250, 1500 and 1750 W) and three laser beam angle (60, 70, 80 deg) under lased-aided dry cutting conditions. The percent contribution of the main effects of the cutting parameters to the quality parameters is determined using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and predictive linear equations are developed for the estimation of all the quality characteristics. Thereafter, optimal cutting parameters are obtained.
关键词： power consumption,surface roughness,laser parameters,analysis of variance
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Estimation of Optimal Laser Parameters On Inconel 718 By Taguchi Methodology
摘要： Inconel 718 is a representative of high temperature alloy which poses substantial difficulties in machining processes. High strength, high cutting temperature and a subsequent work hardening during machining process adversely affect the cutting force, surface integrity, tool life and chip breakability. The above difficulties have been disproving by employing the Laser Assisted Machining (LAM). LAM is a hybrid technique and used to machining the work-piece with conventional tool after softening it with laser emitted heat. An attempt has been made in the present study for an experimental investigation on the machining attributes of 718 Inconel super alloy during laser assisted machining using uncoated carbide insert. Experimental plan is designed based on Taguchi’s L18 mixed orthogonal array of design of experiment. Three response values such as cutting force, surface roughness and tool wear are measured and their effects are studied. The variability due to the machining parameters are dispensed using variance test. Predictive regression equations are developed for the estimation of all the quality characteristics. Also the Pearson correlation coefficient analysis is calculated to analyze the correlation between the input parameters and quality characteristics. Results showed a strong correlation between the feed rate and the cutting force and surface roughness followed by cutting speed. The results obtained from experiments are analyzed to predict the optimal machining conditions using desirability approach. At the optimal laser parameters, the tool life, when laser beam is used, is improved by 9% compared to conventional machining.
关键词： cutting forces,Taguchi method,surface roughness,tool wear,laser parameters
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Nd <sup>3+</sup> :YAG laser based on the <sup>4</sup> F <sub/>3/2</sub> → <sup>4</sup> I <sub/>13/2</sub> secondary transition with a phase-conjugate electro-optically Q-switched open multiloop cavity
摘要： Lasing on the 4F3/2 → 4I13/2 secondary transition (λ = 1.34 μm) in a Nd3+ : YAG laser with phase conjugation by four-wave mixing directly in the active laser medium was experimentally studied in the regime of electro-optic Q-switching of an open multiloop cavity. The use of an electro-optic Q-switch with a controllable delay of its opening made it possible to increase the amplitude and temporal stabilities of the output laser parameters. The maximum laser pulse energy was 100 mJ at a pulse duration of 120 ns. The phase-conjugate radiation divergence was 0.8 mrad at beam quality Mx2 = My2 = 1.3. Nonlinear optical conversion of 1.34 μm laser radiation to visible radiation was achieved experimentally. Second and third harmonic generation at wavelengths of 0.67 and 0.446 μm with conversion efficiencies of 25 % and 8 %, respectively, was demonstrated.
关键词： phase conjugation,secondary transition,stability of laser parameters,Nd3+ : YAG laser,electro-optic Q-switching
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Study of Infrared Laser Parameters on Surface Morphology and Hydrophobic Properties
摘要： Many studies have shown that super hydrophobic surfaces have been applied to micro–nano structures and low surface energy materials. In the present study, infrared laser scanning and simple salinization modi?cation were used to improve the hydrophobicity of a surface. When the scanning speed was 100 mm/s, the laser power was 30 W and the scanning interval was 200 μm, the apparent contact angle of surface was up to 157°. The assessment of surface characteristics revealed that decreasing scanning speed or increasing laser power were able to improve the hydrophobicity of the surface. After aging treatment, the superhydrophobic surface prepared by this method still had good durability.
关键词： infrared laser,surface morphology,laser parameters,superhydrophobic
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04