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Folded aperture coupled patch antenna fabricated on FPC with vertically polarised end-fire radiation for fifth-generation millimetre-wave massive MIMO systems
摘要： The authors proposed a folded aperture-coupled patch antenna (ACPA) on a flexible printed circuit (FPC) with vertically polarised end-fire radiation, suitable for fifth-generation millimetre-wave massive multi-input–multi-output (MIMO) systems. For low-cost implementation, antenna elements were fabricated on a single polyimide substrate. The fabricated FPC was first folded to implement a three-layer ACPA, and then the feed line was bent 90° to achieve end-fire radiation. Measurement of five antenna samples demonstrates that the resonance frequency lies between 27.7 and 28.3?GHz. Each antenna sample has the bandwidth (|S11|?<??10?dB) >1.2?GHz. The measured antenna gain is 2.74?dBi at 28.1?GHz, and the difference between co- and cross-polarised radiation intensities is >15?dB in all directions of interest. To improve the impedance bandwidth and the gain further, they increased the distance between the patch and the aperture of the proposed antenna by folding the fabricated FPC multiple times without an additional layer. Experimental results confirm the bandwidth of 2.64?GHz (26.27–28.91?GHz) and the gain of 3.80?dBi at 28?GHz. Additionally, the 1?×?8-folded APCA array is simulated to verify the feasibility for a practical application of multi-beam massive MIMO technology.
关键词： flexible printed circuit,fifth-generation millimetre-wave,massive MIMO systems,folded aperture-coupled patch antenna,vertically polarised end-fire radiation
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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[IEEE 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) - Chicago, IL, USA (2019.6.16-2019.6.21)] 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) - Quantum-Dot Intermediate-band Solar Cell used as Bottom Cell
摘要： Multiple transmitting antennas can considerably increase the downlink spectral efficiency by beamforming to multiple users at the same time. However, multiuser beamforming requires channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter, which leads to training overhead and reduces overall achievable spectral efficiency. In this paper, we propose and analyze a sequential beamforming strategy that utilizes full-duplex base station to implement downlink data transmission concurrently with CSI acquisition via in-band closed or open loop training. Our results demonstrate that full-duplex capability can improve the spectral efficiency of uni-directional traffic, by leveraging it to reduce the control overhead of CSI estimation. In moderate SNR regimes, we analytically derive tight approximations for the optimal training duration and characterize the associated respective spectral efficiency. We further characterize the enhanced multiplexing gain performance in the high SNR regime. In both regimes, the performance of the proposed full-duplex strategy is compared with the half-duplex counterpart to quantify spectral efficiency improvement. With experimental data and 3-D channel model from 3GPP, in a 1.4 MHz 8 × 8 system LTE system with the block length of 500 symbols, the proposed strategy attains a spectral efficiency improvement of 130% and 8% with closed and open loop training, respectively.
关键词： limited feedback,massive MIMO systems,multiuser MIMO systems,Wireless communication,full-duplex systems
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52