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Towards multifocal displays with dense focal stacks
摘要： We present a virtual reality display that is capable of generating a dense collection of depth/focal planes. This is achieved by driving a focus-tunable lens to sweep a range of focal lengths at a high frequency and, subsequently, tracking the focal length precisely at microsecond time resolutions using an optical module. Precise tracking of the focal length, coupled with a high-speed display, enables our lab prototype to generate 1600 focal planes per second. This enables a novel first-of-its-kind virtual reality multifocal display that is capable of resolving the vergence-accommodation conflict endemic to today’s displays.
关键词： focus-tunable lenses,focus stacks,multifocal displays
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Resultados visuales, independencia de gafas e insatisfacción tras implante de una lente intraocular difractiva trifocal
摘要： Purpose: To investigate visual outcomes, spectacle independence, and patient satisfaction after trifocal intraocular lens implantation. Methods: A retrospective study conducted on 5,186 patients who underwent phacoemulsification and were implanted with a diffractive trifocal intraocular lens (FineVision Micro F, PhysIOL SA, Liège, Belgium). Results: The mean pre-operative keratometry was 43.61 ± 1.55 D, and mean keratometric cylinder was -0.86 ± 0.66 D. At 3 months post-operatively, values changed to 43.59 ± 1.56 and -0.71 ± 0.46 D, respectively. Mean sphere varied from 2.04 ± 2.60 to 0.14 ± 0.38 D, and mean spherical equivalent from 1.64 ± 2.61 to -0.05 ± 0.36 D. More than 60% of the patients achieved better corrected distance visual acuity. The majority had a final residual refractive error (predictability) lower than 1 D (99.1%), with 14.3% needing optical adjustment (bioptics). Posterior capsulotomy was performed in 2.2%, and the lens was replaced in 5 patients. A high percentage of patients were satisfied in terms of vision and spectacle independence at all distances. Although 2% referred to worsening of night vision quality, only 2% were not very satisfied and 20 patients were dissatisfied. The causes were: blurred vision (7 cases), spectacle dependence (10), dysphotopsia (7), and dry eye (4). Conclusions: The implantation of this model provided good visual performance in all distances, as well as high levels of spectacle independence and satisfaction.
关键词： Trifocal,Intraocular lens,Multifocal,Dissatisfaction,Satisfaction
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Unilateral Multifocal Intraocular Lens Implantation in a Patient with Adie’s Pupil
摘要： Purpose: To report a case of a patient with unilateral Adie’s pupil who underwent bilateral cataract extraction with multifocal and monofocal posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. Methods: A 74-year-old woman presented to our institution complaining of worsening near vision. Gross examination revealed a 6-mm fixed pupil on the right eye (OD) and a 5-mm pupil reacting to 3 mm with light on the left eye (OS). Slit lamp examination revealed a tonic pupil with an exaggerated pupillary constriction to dilute pilocarpine OD. Dilated exam revealed 2–3+ nuclear and cortical lens changes bilaterally. The patient’s active lifestyle, personality, and biometry measurements made her a good candidate for multifocal IOL (MfIOL) implantation OS. Femtosecond laser-assisted cataract extraction with a ReSTOR +3 ADD (SN60D1) implantation was performed OS. Monofocal lens implantation (SN60WF) was performed OD 6 months later. Results: One year postoperatively, our patient had an uncorrected visual acuity (VAsc) of 20/15 for distance and J10 for near OD. Her VAsc was 20/25 +1 for distance and J1 for near OS. Visual acuity when using both eyes was 20/15 for distance and J1 for near. Conclusion: Optimizing success for MfIOL implantation is a multifactorial process. Large pupils preoperatively are of particular concern, as this may lead to increased dysphotopsia with pupil-dependent MfIOLs. Thus, patients with unilateral mydriasis, such as Aide’s pupil, may have a beneficial outcome combining multifocal-monofocal implantation after bilateral cataract extraction, especially if they are not a candidate for monovision but desire spectacle independence.
关键词： Multifocal intraocular lens,ReSTOR,Tonic pupil,Adie’s pupil
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Test-retest variability of multifocal electroretinography in normal volunteers and short-term variability in hydroxychloroquine users
摘要： Purpose: To determine measurement variability of N1P1 amplitudes and the R1/R2 ratio in normal subjects and hydroxychloroquine users without retinopathy. Design: Retrospective, observational study. Subjects: Normal subjects (n=21) and 44 patients taking hydroxychloroquine (n=44) without retinopathy. Methods: Multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) was performed twice in one session in the 21 normal subjects and twice within 1 year in the hydroxychloroquine users, during which time no clinical change in macular status occurred. Main outcome measures: N1P1 amplitudes of rings R1–R5, the R1/R2 ratio, and coefficients of repeatability (COR) for these measurements. Results: Values for N1P1 amplitudes in hydroxychloroquine users were reduced compared with normal subjects by the known effect of age, but R1/R2 was not affected by age. The COR for R1–R5 ranged from 43% to 52% for normal subjects and from 43% to 59% for hydroxychloroquine users; for R1/R2 the COR was 29% in normal subjects and 45% in hydroxychloroquine users. Conclusion: mfERG measurements show high test-retest variability, limiting the ability of a single mfERG test to influence a decision to stop hydroxychloroquine; corroborative evidence with a different ancillary test is recommended in a suspicious case.
关键词： test-retest variability,hydroxychloroquine,multifocal electroretinography
更新于2025-09-19 17:15:36
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Spatial localization of retinal anomalies in regular cannabis users: The relevance of the multifocal electroretinogram
摘要： Widely used in industrialized countries, cannabis is a neuromodulator substance. The cannabinoid system is present at critical stages of retinal processing. We have recently shown a delay in bipolar and ganglion cell responses in regular cannabis users, as observed using flash (fERG) and pattern (PERG) electroretinogram. Although the results obtained during these tests provide information about global retinal responses, they do not give any indication about the spatial localization of the anomalies that were detected. The latter may be analyzed, however, by means of multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG). We recorded the mfERG responses in 49 regular cannabis users and 21 healthy subjects. The amplitudes and implicit times of the mfERG N1, P1 and N2 waves were recorded. The results showed that in regular cannabis users: in the b2° region, a significant increase in the N2 implicit time (p = 0.037); in the 2–5° region, a significant increase in the N2 (p = 0.018) and P1 (p = 0.046) implicit times; in the 5–10° region, a significant increase in the P1 (p = 0.006) and N1 (p = 0.034) implicit times; and in the 10–15° region, a significant increase in the P1 implicit time (p = 0.014). An isolated decrease in the N1 amplitude in the 2–5° region (p = 0.044) was also found. This indicates that there is a delay in the transmission of visual information from the central retina to the near periphery in cannabis users suggesting potential alterations in precise and color vision.
关键词： Cannabis,Multifocal electroretinogram,Synaptic transmission,Retina,Retinal information processing,Endocannabinoid system
更新于2025-09-19 17:15:36
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The effect of the optical design of multifocal contact lenses on choroidal thickness
摘要： Studies have found reduced myopia progression with multifocal contact lenses, albeit with an unclear mechanism behind their protective effect. It is hypothesized that the induced myopic defocus of the addition zones of the multifocal contact lenses leads to choroidal thickening and therefore inhibits eye growth. In the current study, the effect of the optical design of multifocal contact lenses on choroidal thickness was investigated. Eighteen myopic participants wore four different contact lenses ((1) single-vision lenses corrected for distance, (2) single-vision lenses with +2.50 D full-field defocus, (3) Multifocal center-distance design, (4) Multifocal center-near design, both with addition power +2.50 D) for 30 min each on their right eye. Automated analysis of the macular choroidal thickness and vitreous chamber depth were performed before and after the wear of each of the contact lenses. Peripheral refraction profiles in primary gaze were obtained using eccentric photorefraction prior to contact lens wear. Choroidal thickness and vitreous chamber depth showed no significant differences to baseline with any of the contact lenses (all p > 0.05). Choroidal thickness increased by +2.1 ± 11.1 μm with the Multifocal center-distance design, by +2.0 ± 11.1 μm with the full-field defocus lens, followed by the Multifocal center-near design with +1.6 ± 11.3 μm and the single-vision contact lens correcting for distance with +0.9 ± 11.2 μm. Multifocal contact lenses have no significant influence on choroidal thickness after short-term wear. Therefore, changes in choroidal thickness might not be the main contributor to the protective effect of multifocal contact lenses in myopia control.
关键词： multifocal contact lenses,choroidal thickness,optical design,defocus,myopia control
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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A clinical assessment of visual performance of combining the TECNIS<sup>?</sup>?Symfony?Extended Range of Vision IOL (ZXR00) with the +3.25 D TECNIS Multifocal 1-piece IOL (ZLB00) in subjects undergoing bilateral cataract extraction
摘要： Purpose: To combine the increased depth of focus of the TECNIS? Symfony intraocular lens (IOL) with a TECNIS Multifocal (MF) low-add IOL (+3.25) to enable a patient to be less dependent on corrective lenses. Setting: Clinic in Canada. Design: Single-center, prospective, open-label. Materials and methods: Fifty patients were enrolled for bilateral surgery. Patients were implanted with TECNIS Symfony Extended Range of Focus lens in the dominant eye, and TECNIS low-add +3.25 MF IOL in the non-dominant eye. Patients were $18 years of age and had best-corrected visual acuity .20/30 in both eyes, pupil size .3.5 mm, and ,1.5 D of corneal astigmatism. Patients were evaluated preoperatively, operatively, and postoperatively on Day 1, Day 7, Month 1, and Month 3. Postoperative evaluations at Month 3 were completed by 32 of 50 patients enrolled, and included distance, intermediate and near visual acuity (VA), and subjective outcomes. Results: Three months postoperatively, binocular results without correction revealed 97% (29/30) of patients had distance VA of 20/20 or better, 97% (29/30) had intermediate VA of 20/25 or better, and 94% (28/30) had near VA of 20/25 or better. At Month 3, the majority of patients reported “none” for visual symptoms of glare (30/30, 100%), halo (29/30, 96.6%), starbursts (29/30), or other – blur (30/30, 100%). Conclusion: Three months postoperatively, the combination of the increased depth of focus of the TECNIS Symfony IOL with a TECNIS MF low-add (+3.25) IOL may provide excellent uncorrected VA at near, intermediate, and far distances with minimal ocular symptoms.
关键词： ZLB00,low-add IOL,contralateral,TECNIS Symfony,extended range of vision,ZXR00,blended vision,multifocal IOL
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Assessing the Anatomical and Functional Efficacy of Aflibercept on Wet ARMD: An OCT and Mferg Recording
摘要： Objective: To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of aflibercept on sub-foveal choroidal neovascularization due to Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD). Methods: Fifteen patients (15 eyes) with sub-foveal choroidal neovascularization due to ARMD were treated with intravitreal aflibercept. The doses were monthly for the first three months, being repeated every three months after for one year, using 2 mg of intravitreal aflibercept. A total of six aflibercept injections were, finally, performed during the 12-month study. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, including the measurement of best-corrected visual acuity, fundus examination, intraocular pressure measurement, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography (OCT) scan and multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) recording, at the baseline and at the first, second, third, sixth, ninth and 12th month after the first injection of aflibercept. Two masked examiners evaluated the visual acuity based on standard Snellen charts. Results: Fifteen patients (15 eyes), of mean age 69.2 ± 4.9 years old, with sub-foveal choroidal neovascularization due to ARMD were participated in this study. The mean BCVA was 0.12 ± 0.08, 0.20 ± 0.10, 0.25 ± 0.1, 0.28 ± 0.1, 0.34 ± 0.14, 0.36 ± 0.14 and 0.40 ± 0.14 decimal, at presentation, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 6th, 9th and 12th month, respectively. Significant differences in amplitudes but not in latencies of three rings were observed over time. Significant reductions were noted among the central retinal thickness measurements before intravitreal aflibercept and at 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 6th, 9th and 12th month (465.0 ± 161.4, 374.9 ± 139.5, 323.3 ± 113.8, 290.3 ± 85, 263.3 ± 69, 243.0 ± 60.6 and 226.9 ± 63.5, respectively). Conclusion: This is the first time that anatomical and functional improvement of the macula in patients with sub-foveal choroidal neovascularization due to ARMD was shown objectively, based on OCT and mfERG recordings. In addition, the improvement of visual acuity was noted over time. Our study supports the fact that intravitreal use of aflibercept is safe and effective in treating sub-foveal choroidal neovascularization observed in patients with ARMD.
关键词： findings,electroretinography,Macular,Aflibercept,Anatomical,Sub-foveal,Multifocal,Optical coherence tomography,choroidal neovascularization,Function,Age-related macular degeneration
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Clinical Evaluation of Functional Vision of +1.5 Diopters near Addition, Aspheric, Rotational Asymmetric Multifocal Intraocular Lens
摘要： To evaluate postoperative outcomes and visual performance in intermediate distance after implantation of a +1.5 diopters (D) addition, aspheric, rotational asymmetric multifocal intraocular lens (MIOL). Patients underwent bilateral cataract surgery with implantation of an aspheric, asymmetric MIOL with +1.5 D near addition. A complete ophthalmological examination was performed preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively. The main outcome measures were monocular and binocular uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), uncorrected intermediate visual acuity (UIVA), distance corrected intermediate visual acuity (DCIVA), uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA) and distance corrected keratometry, and manifest refraction. The Salzburg Reading Desk was used to analyze unilateral and bilateral functional vision with uncorrected and corrected reading acuity, reading distance, reading speed, and the smallest log-scaled print size that could be read effectively at near and intermediate distances. The study comprised 60 eyes of 30 patients (mean age, 68.30 ± 9.26 years; range, 34 to 80 years). There was significant improvement in UDVA and CDVA. Mean UIVA was 0.01 ± 0.09 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) and mean DCIVA was -0.02 ± 0.11 logMAR. In Salzburg Reading Desk analysis for UIVA, the mean subjective intermediate distance was 67.58 ± 8.59 cm with mean UIVA of -0.02 ± 0.09 logMAR and mean word count of 96.38 ± 28.32 words/min. The new aspheric, asymmetric, +1.5 D near addition MIOL offers good results for distance visual function in combination with good performance for intermediate distances and functional results for near distance.
关键词： Low-add,Presbyopia,Multifocal intraocular lens,Cataract
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Therapeutic effect of dexamethasone implant in retinal vein occlusions resistant to anti-VEGF therapy
摘要： Purpose: To test the efficacy of the intravitreal dexamethasone (DEX) implant in patients with retinal vein occlusions (RVOs) who have failed multiple anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatments. Methods: A randomized exploratory study of ten patients with branch RVO or central RVO who received at least two previous anti-VEGF treatments and had persistent or unresponsive cystoid macular edema. Treatment with the DEX implant was either every 4 months or pro re nata (PRN) depending on their group assignment for 1 year. Multifocal electroretinography and microperimetry were the primary end points, with high-resolution optical coherence tomography and best-corrected visual acuity as the secondary end points. Results: All patients in both the every 4 month and PRN cohorts who completed the study received the three maximal injections of DEX; therefore, the data from both cohorts were combined and reported as a case series. On average, the multifocal electroretinography amplitude increased significantly from 5.11±0.66 to 24.19±5.30 nV/deg2 at 12 months (P,0.005), mean macular sensitivity increased from 7.67±2.10 to 8.01±1.98 dB at 4 months (P=0.32), best-corrected visual acuity increased significantly from 51.0±5.1 to 55.4±5.1 early treatment of diabetic retinopathy study letters at 2 months (P,0.05), and central retinal thickness decreased from 427.6±39.5 to 367.1±37.8 μm at 4 months (P,0.05). Intraocular pressure increased significantly in one patient, with that patient requiring an additional glaucoma medication for management. Additionally, cataract progression increased significantly (P,0.05) in this patient population and partially limited analysis of other end points. Conclusion: DEX should be considered as a treatment option in patients with RVOs who have failed anti-VEGF therapy, as the results of this study demonstrated an improvement in retinal morphology and macular function. Cataract progression did occur following multiple consecutive injections; however, steroid-induced glaucoma was not a limiting factor.
关键词： intravitreal dexamethasone implant,multifocal electroretinography,retinal vein occlusion,anti-VEGF,cataract progression
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46