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Photoelectron ejection by electromagnetic wave
摘要： Albert Einstein has explained photoelectric effect by corpuscle concept of light. Few phenomena are ambiguous in the explanation. The authors have explained photoelectric effect based on recent reported electromagnetic wave theory. The theoretical explanations of this works are covered all phenomena of the photoelectric effect such as the cause of electron ejection, kinetic energy of the photoelectron, the value of number of the photoelectron in the photocurrent, clear concept of ejection direction, initial ejection time, ejection as flog, frequency and intensity dependence, cutoff frequency and work function. The frequency and intensity dependence have been observed experimentally. The experimental observations show similar results of the theoretical explanation i.e. the kinetic energy of the photoelectron is proportional to both the intensity and frequency of light. The works may help to explain other photonic natures by wave theory of light.
关键词： Photoelectric Effect,Electromagnetic wave theory,Cutoff frequency
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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High voltage endurance and switchable resistance effect observed in nanoscale copper groove structure
摘要： A switchable lateral resistance effect with high reverse voltage has been observed in nanoscale copper groove structure. With the stimulation of electric pulse and local illumination of laser, the lateral resistance of the structure can be modulated in a non-volatile manner. We attribute this phenomenon to the different width of depletion region and the Schottky barrier change caused by the nanoscale charge trapping effect. This work may inspire new approach of resistance modulation and help the development of laser-assisted electric pulse merged devices.
关键词： photoelectric effect,charge trapping effect,Schottky barrier
更新于2025-09-19 17:15:36
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Bonds in atomic crystals, energy levels, quantum chemistry and electronegativity visualized by light emitting diodes (LED)
摘要： Chemical bonds are discussed with the example of the group 15 elements N, P and As in light emitting diodes (LED). The colour resp. the light energy visualizes the electronegativity. Pairing LED of different colour as emitters and absorbers (detectors) allows a comparison between their different light energy. Electrons require energy above a given threshold to be excited to the conducting band: That is the (inner) photoelectric effect, an indication of the quantification of energy also in relation to chemical bonds.
关键词： inner photoelectric effect,chemical bonds of the elements N, P and As,visualisation of ionisation energy and electronegativity
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Exploring effective pedagogies using computer simulations to improve Grade 12 learners’ understanding of the photoelectric effect
摘要： The study aimed to determine the most effective of three pedagogies to improve Grade 12 learners’ understanding of the photoelectric effect when the teaching was done using chalk and talk, guided learning with computer simulations (CS) as a demonstration tool and semi-autonomous learning where the learners used the CS individually with limited support. A randomised pre-/post-test control group design was implemented. A paired-sample t-test on the post-test scores indicated that the guided learning experimental group (N =10) performed better than the semi-autonomous learning experimental group (N =10) [ t-statistics, t(9) = ?6.135, p < 0.05]. Even the control group (N = 10) where the teacher used chalk and talk performed better than the semi-autonomous learning experimental group. An analysis of covariance on the post-test scores with learners’ pre-test scores showed a signi?cant effect on the instructional group favouring the guided learning experimental group. It is, therefore, suggested that guided learning where the teacher manipulates the CS is a better method for the effective teaching of the photoelectric effect.
关键词： photoelectric effect,Einstein’s photoelectric equation,inquiry-based learning,constructivist theory,Computer simulation
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Reference Module in Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Chemical Engineering || In Situ Photoelectron Spectroscopy
摘要： X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is based on the photoelectric effect, which is the emission of electrons from a solid, liquid, or gas once excited with photons (ultraviolet radiation or X-rays or even g-rays) of sufficient energy. XPS measured thus the occupied states. It is not the intensity of the radiation, which causes the emission, but the wavelength l, which is related with their frequency n and energy Ephoton via the relations Ephoton = hn = hc/l of the photons. The kinetic energy Ekin of such photoelectrons yields a spectrum which allows for the determination of the binding energy EB of electrons expelled from the core levels, and the binding energy of hybridized states is Ekin = Ephoton - EB - 4spectrometer; 4 is the work function of the spectrometer. relationship between measured variables in the valence band. The quantitative
关键词： X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,photoelectric effect,binding energy,work function,valence band
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Nanolayer Research || Nanolayer Analysis by Photoelectron Spectroscopy
摘要： Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES), or photoemission spectroscopy, is one of the most important and useful techniques for investigating electronic and chemical states in solids, especially in nanolayers because of its high-energy resolution and surface sensitivity [1–5]. The physics behind PES is an application of the photoelectric effect. Through photoelectric ionization by irradiating samples with X-rays, vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) or ultraviolet (UV) light, the energies of the emitted photoelectrons are characteristic of their original electronic and chemical states. Therefore PES is one of the most sensitive and accurate techniques for measuring the energies and shapes of electronic states and molecular orbitals. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was developed by Kai Siegbahn in 1957 and is used to study the energy levels of atomic core electrons, mainly in solids. Siegbahn referred to the technique as electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), since chemical structure can be determined by analyzing the core levels with small chemical shifts depending on the chemical environment of the atom. Siegbahn was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1981.
关键词： PES,Kai Siegbahn,ESCA,XPS,Photoelectron spectroscopy,photoelectric effect,electronic states,nanolayers,chemical states
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Transition rate and the photoelectric effect in the presence of a minimal length
摘要： In this work, according to the generalized uncertainty principle (GUP) and time-dependent perturbation theory, the transition rate in the present of a minimal length based on the Kempf algebra is studied. Also, we ?nd the absorption cross section in the framework of the GUP. The modi?ed photoelectric effect is investigated and we show that the differential cross section of the photoelectric effect in the framework of the GUP is related to the isotropic minimal length scale. The upper bound on the isotropic minimal length is estimated.
关键词： absorption cross section,minimal length,generalized uncertainty principle,transition rate,photoelectric effect
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14