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Performance analysis of PV panels based on different technologies after two years of outdoor exposure in Fukushima, Japan
摘要： Nominal values reported for PV Systems are measured at carefully-controlled test conditions. While being strictly standardized to achieve a good benchmarking capability for different, newly manufactured panels; these conditions hardly exist in real-life implementation sites. To add to the problem, highly varying climate, precipitation, scorching sun and freezing snow wear out these systems in the long run. Therefore, actual performance of any PV system is, inevitably, different than those reported under standard test conditions. In order to have a more accurate expectation of power generation over the lifetime of a system, it is important to know the impact of local conditions and the resilience of PV panels to them. To this end, several outdoor performance studies have been reported around the world and the literature is growing. This work reports the impact of Fukushima's weather, which is known to be windy in autumn and have heavy snowfall in the winter, on the installed PV systems. Also, numerous panels belonging to different PV technologies and manufacturers are installed side-by-side to compare the variation in their performances and, thus, benchmark their quality and resilience. To investigate possible impact of micro-climate, or local geographical conditions, two test sites in Fukushima Prefecture are utilized. Finally, a sample PV system calculation is presented to showcase the impacts of these findings on a PV system in planning and operation stages.
关键词： Outdoor degradation,Thin film tandem,Solar energy in Japan,Photovoltaic modules,CIGS,Single crystal silicon
更新于2025-09-19 17:15:36
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Photovoltaic Module Reliability || Module Failure Modes
摘要： Initial product reliability assessments are based on the environment in which the product is going to be exposed, the outdoor terrestrial environment in the case of photovoltaic (PV) modules. Such an analysis can provide some clues as to the level of stresses to be encountered. The earliest module manufacturers understood that the modules would be required to endure exposure to the weather (rain, hail, and snow), high temperatures, UV, humidity, and thermal cycling. However, in most cases, the stresses were underestimated. The first generation of terrestrial PV modules was not very reliable nor did the modules survive for very long in the field. However, this first generation of product served an important function in that they failed in the field (often very quickly) allowing for subsequent analysis and development of accelerated stress tests to be described in Chapter 3. It wasn’t until the product designs could be tested using the accelerated stress tests that reliability was significantly improved.
关键词： failure modes,field failures,photovoltaic modules,reliability,accelerated stress tests
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Determination of electrical characteristics and temperature of PV modules by means of a coupled electrical-thermal model
摘要： Photovoltaic (PV) modules are commonly tested under standard test conditions. However, the performance of the PV module is highly dependent on the location, climate condition, and sun spectrum. Simulation is one of the inexpensive and practical approaches to estimate the performance of PV modules under different climatic conditions. Modeling of PV modules can be complex because different physical phenomena must be coupled and interact with each other. There are several existing multi-physic models, but they are either complex such as numerical models or highly simpli?ed with a lot of assumptions. In this work, we introduce a thermal-electrical model to evaluate the performance of PV modules under different climate conditions based on a previously developed optical-electrical model. The model calculates the electrical parameters and temperature of the PV module after the module reaches the steady-state condition. The temperature, heat ?ow of all layers of the module, and the heat transfer thermal resistances can be determined. Comparison of the simulation and experimental results shows a deviation of around 1%, which indicates that the simulation and experimental results are in good agreement.
关键词： climate conditions,simulation,thermal-electrical model,experimental validation,Photovoltaic modules
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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The effect of wind on the temperature distribution of photovoltaic modules
摘要： This paper discusses the thermal aspect of two different types of PV modules. The PV modules are categorised into two major groups: Frameless and Framed modules, and designing structure. Apart from the framed structure, thermal behaviour and its implicit effect on the system is also the key factor of the analysis. Two similar classes of modules are relatively examined and thereafter, are compared with differently manufactured (structure-wise) modules. Here, the framed modules, Solarex (pc-Si) and the RWE Schott Solar (pc-Si) are optically similar; whereas the Solar watt (c-Si) and the Duna Solar (a-Si) are frameless modules. A parallel dichotomy is established on the basis of the quality of the modules being used by the energy industry and the thermal response of the modules at the given conditions. The assessment of the PV modules is based upon the angular orientation of wind, thermal diffusivity of surface, thermal conductivity, heat transfer coefficient, inertial effect of surface, drag force, skin friction, and the thermal behaviour at vicinity of PV surface. The energy equation of the thermal boundary layer over the flat plate is used for thermal profiling of the different PV surfaces. From the experimental measurement, the ambience temperature, surface temperature and wind speed have been determined. The qualitative investigation of geometrically as well as structurally different solar modules is performed with the help of ODE45 application. The flow of air is laminar for all the modules and the drag force varies from 1.45 × 10?5 N to 2.10 × 10?5 N. Friction loss due to wind flow is found to be least for the Solar watt, while the wind orientation of 10° North of East keeps the temperature deviation of the surface from its ambience low for all the modules. The effect of the thermal boundary layer is relatively significant for the Solar watt and the RWE Schott solar modules. Hydrodynamic boundary layer formation has been demarcated from thermal boundary using Blasius and Pohlhausen’s solutions for momentum and energy equations of fluid past a flat surface.
关键词： Temperature distribution,Flow parameters,Thermal analysis,Skin friction,Windspeed,Photovoltaic modules
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Distributed Energy Resources in Microgrids || Su-Do-Ku and symmetric matrix puzzles–based optimal connections of photovoltaic modules in partially shaded total cross-tied array configuration for efficient performance
摘要： The authors have endeavored to propose and analyze Su-Do-Ku-TCT and SM-TCT configurations with that of existed TCT configuration of PV array for performance improvisation under considered partial shading cases-I(cid:1)IV. The performance parameters such as power loss, PE, FF, and PR have been assessed and collated with classical TCT, Su-Do-Ku-TCT, and SM-TCT configurations. The results obtained from the SM-TCT configurations had fewer numbers of local maxima, and all the performance parameters were far better than TCT and Su-Do-Ku-TCT configurations. A simpler reconfiguration scheme can be employed to design arrays of any dimensions. Thus the proposed SM-TCT arrangement is helpful to design an efficient PV array for huge PV plants for maximum power generation.
关键词： photovoltaic modules,total cross-tied array configuration,symmetric matrix,partial shading,Su-Do-Ku
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Loss Analysis in Perovskite Photovoltaic Modules
摘要： Hybrid metal-halide perovskite-based thin-film photovoltaics (PVs) have the potential to become the next generation of commercialized PV technology with certified power conversion efficiencies reaching 24% on devices having 0.1 cm2 area. Recent efforts in upscaling this technology result in an efficiency of 12.6% for 354 cm2 modules. However, upscaling loss for perovskite-based PVs is higher than for any other PV technology. In this study, upscaling losses of devices with aperture area 0.1, 4, and 100 cm2 are investigated, with a focus on layer inhomogeneities. Electroluminescence, dark lock-in thermography, microphotoluminescence spectroscopy, and electron spectroscopy are used to analyze and group layer inhomogeneities with a minimal size of 10 μm and to compare loss mechanisms for radial and linear deposition techniques. Analysis results help to identify current processing pitfalls, where understanding and control of perovskite crystal formation plays the crucial role.
关键词： loss characterization,thermography,perovskite thin-film photovoltaic modules,luminescence
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Assessment of power generation performance characteristics using different solar photovoltaic technologies
摘要： Solar energy is a relatively free renewable, clean, green, and environmentally friendly energy resource produced from the sun, using different technologies like solar thermal and photovoltaic (PV) modules to generate heat and electricity, respectively. This paper aims to assess and compare the power generation performance characteristics of different solar PV module technologies by simulation, deploying identical input temperature and irradiance parameters. The solar PV designs were simulated using PVsyst Version 6.73 for 26.0 kW annual power and 42.9 MWh/year annual yields using the climate data of Sydney, Australia. The results show that monocrystalline solar technologies needed an area of 163m2, while polycrystalline and thin films needed areas of 173m2 and 260m2 respectively to generate 42.9MWh annual yield. The monocrystalline PV modules are more efficient at solar energy conversion than polycrystalline and thin film technologies, respectively (94.2% and 62.7%). The symmetric semi-toroid dome of sun heights against azimuthal angles show 13 bimodal pyriforms, that cut the azimuths at least twice on each of the optimisation lines. These optimal solution points were visible for every sunlight hour of between 6 and 18 hours (inclusive). They show convex sets of global optima (or local optima) with one minimum in the interval of convexity. Also, each of the minimum points for each of the 13 directed fish-like bimodal pyriforms was on azimuth. However, the assessment of respective PV module characteristics with respect to variation of irradiation and temperature, show that the general results from simulation displayed disparate changes in the voltages and currents of the generated power with respect to different solar PV modules. The proposed semi-toroid model indicates that many optimisation solutions for easier, cheaper, quicker and more efficient power generation are possible with appropriate design. It is recommended that the installation of a single-axis solar tracker or maximum power point tracker could overcome the azimuth angle effect.
关键词： simulation,photovoltaic modules,polycrystalline,monocrystalline,thin film,solar energy,PVsyst,power generation,solar tracker,azimuth angle
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Photovoltaic Modules (Technology and Reliability) || 10. Accelerated aging tests
摘要： All environmental simulation tests which allow an accelerated analysis of material degradation processes through intensified environmental stress levels compared to real life can be summarized under the notion of accelerated aging tests. This type of test is especially useful for products with long service lifetimes, such as photovoltaic modules. As guarantees for PV modules cover up to 30 years of service life, accelerated aging tests are of high economic importance for PV modules manufacturers. As PV manufactures aim for utilizing materials which are both economically and technically suitable, accelerated aging tests on full PV modules as well as on separate materials and material combinations are necessary. It is in the interest of the customer as well the investor and the insurance that the product achieves the expected service life without major performance losses. The aim of accelerated aging tests is to achieve reliable results within a very short period of time and with minimum costs in order to keep pace with the rapid innovation cycles. In order to ensure the transferability of the testing result on real life performance, a specific adaptation of the test conditions to the specific materials and stress factors is indispensable. Otherwise, climatic conditions may be induced which either exceed or undermine those under standard operation, and this may subsequently lead to altered physical or chemical degradation processes. Thus, the processes which occur under standard operation should be accelerated but at the same time simulated as close to reality as possible.
关键词： photovoltaic modules,service life,environmental stress,material degradation,accelerated aging tests
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Reliability implications of partial shading on CIGS photovoltaic devices: A literature review
摘要： Partial shading of Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 (CIGS) photovoltaic (PV) modules is getting more attention, as is witnessed by the increase in publications on this topic in recent years. This review will give an overview of shading tests executed on CIGS modules and focuses on the more fundamental aspects that are often studied on cells. Generally, CIGS modules display very attractive performance under predictable row-to-row shading. However, potential damage could occur under nonoptimal shading orientations: module output after shading tests could reduce due to the formation of local shunts, often called wormlike defects. The influence of many factors on the formation of these defects, including the internal currents and voltages and the shape and intensity of the shade, will be discussed. This review allows an increased insight in the degradation mechanisms caused by partial shading, which would ultimately lead to the introduction of more shade-tolerant CIGS PV products in the future.
关键词： photovoltaic modules,partial shading,CIGS,wormlike defects,reliability
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Reliable long-term performance assessment of commercial photovoltaic modules tested under field conditions over 5 years
摘要： Due to their scalability and global abundance of sunlight, photovoltaic panels are a promising option as a renewable energy source. Implementation of photovoltaic technologies on a large scale requires a careful business-case assessment, aimed at the selection of the technological option most appropriate for the local conditions in terms of long-term performance. For this purpose, five types of modules representative of current options on the market were tested under field conditions for five years at a test facility in Germany. The degradation rates of module performance were computed from the obtained photovoltaic power normalized by both recorded and modeled solar irradiance. The results emphasize the relevance of using modeled irradiance data in addition to recorded solar irradiance in order to extract reliable degradation rates. The available methodological tools still have to be adapted to every dataset for the most accurate result. Eventually, robust degradation rates were extracted from experimental power data, based on modeled clear-sky irradiance, and a combination of aggregation and regression strategies. The results show distinctive degradation behaviors of the five available commercial photovoltaic modules in response to the local conditions.
关键词： performance assessment,photovoltaic modules,field conditions,degradation rates,solar irradiance
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52