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An 82-m 9 Gb/s PAM4 FSO-POF-UWOC Convergent System
摘要： With the increasing demands in free-space/underwater environmental monitoring, disaster precaution, and manufacturing industry applications, free-space optical (FSO)-plastic optical fiber (POF)-underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) convergence is designed to be a promising framework for providing long-haul free-space with underwater links. An 82-m 9 Gb/s four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) system employing a 405-nm blue-light injection-locked laser diode (LD) is thereby offered and practically demonstrated. Results reveal that a 1.8-GHz 405-nm blue-light injection-locked LD can be effectively applied for a 9 Gb/s PAM4 signal transmission over 50 m FSO link, 30 m graded-index (GI)-POF transportation, and 2 m clear ocean underwater channel. To the authors’ understanding, this study is the first to practically build an 82-m 9 Gb/s PAM4 FSO-POF-UWOC convergent system that effectively constructs a long-haul optical wireless-wired-wireless link using doublet lenses, GI-POF, and optical beam reducer. The performances of the proposed convergent systems are analyzed by bit error rate and non-return-to-zero eye diagram in real-time over an 82-m transport. This framework is the leading one to establish a long-haul FSO-POF-UWOC convergent system with qualified transmission performances. It guides a promising way to facilitate wide applications in the convergence of FSO, POF and UWOC.
关键词： Graded-index plastic optical fiber,Underwater wireless optical communication,Four-level pulse amplitude modulation,Free-space optical
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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A highly sensitive photocatalytic plastic optic-fiber sensor for selective detection of phenol in aqueous solutions
摘要： We present a highly sensitive photocatalytic plastic optic-fiber (POF) sensor for the selective detection of phenol in aqueous solutions. To obtain high sensitivity and low limit of detection (LOD) of the sensor, part of the POF cladding was removed and replaced by a Canada balsam doped with GeO2 (CBG); a UV-visible-light-driven photocatalytic material, that is a CdS-sensitized Er3+YAlO3/SiO2/TiO2 (EYST) composite, was coated on the CBG film. To realize highly selective detection of phenol in water, a high phenol permselectivity and pH independence polymer membrane was fixed on the CdS-sensitized EYST-CBG-coated POF. Furthermore, a model was developed to show that the phenol concentration can be determined by measuring the change in transmitted light intensity of the POF sensor and the sensitivity of the sensors can be improved by employing the CdS-sensitized EYST film. The results showed that the proposed photocatalytic POF sensor has a high sensitivity of -0.39 (mg·mL-1)-1 and low LOD of 15 μg·L-1 for the selective detection of phenol in aqueous solutions with pH ranging from 2.0 to 14.0.
关键词： Cds sensitization,Phenol concentration,High sensitivity and selectivity,Upconversion luminescence agent,Plastic optical fiber,TiO2 composite film
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Photomedicine - Advances in Clinical Practice || Light-Emitting Woven Fabric for Treatment with Photodynamic Therapy and Monitoring of Actinic Keratosis
摘要： A successful photodynamic therapy (PDT) requires a specific photosensitizer, oxygen and light of a specific wavelength and power. Today photodynamic therapy (PDT) is administered to patients with light-emitting diode (LED) panels. These panels deliver a non-uniform light distribution on the human body parts, as the complex human anatomy is not a flat surface (head vertex, hand, shoulder, etc.). For an efficient photodynamic therapy (PDT), a light-emitting fabric (LEF) was woven from plastic optical fibers (POF) aiming at the treatment of dermatologic diseases such as actinic keratosis (AK). Plastic optical fibers (POF) (Toray, PGR-FB250) have been woven in textile in order to create macro-bendings, and thus emit out the injected light directly to the skin. The light intensity and light-emitting homogeneity of the LEF were improved thanks to Doehlert Experimental Design. During the treatment with PDT, the photosensitizers were activated in the cancerous cells. These cells may be visualized, as they show a characteristic fluorescence under UV light, which is called fluorescence diagnosis (FD). Therefore, it is proposed to modify the developed LEF for PDT to measure the fluorescence amount. For this aim, a part of POFs was cut out to observe the quantity of light that could be collected while the LEF was connected to a light source. The first prototypes showed the possibility of the illumination with the same LEF without losing the efficiency but also imaging the collected light.
关键词： fluorescence diagnosis (FD),weaving,light emitting fabric (LEF),plastic optical fiber (POF),photodynamic therapy (PDT)
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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[IEEE 2018 41st International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology (ISSE) - Zlatibor, Serbia (2018.5.16-2018.5.20)] 2018 41st International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology (ISSE) - Implementation of the Audio Signal Transmission System Using Wavelength Division Multiplexing
摘要： The idea of this paper is to utilize the advantages of the optical fibers over conventional wiring methods in order to construct a system for transmitting analog stereo audio signal. The main goal is to create a low-cost analog stereo audio transmitting system using one optical fiber, with sophisticated sound quality. The system was built for transmitting an analog audio signals over plastic optical fiber by applying multiplexing over wavelengths. This method enables the transmitting of two analog audio signals over a single optical fiber. As a result, the audio signal can be transmitted over long ranges and using only one transmitting medium. In comparison with coaxial wired analog audio systems, optical fiber wired analog audio system has better signal-to-noise ratio, better frequency response and wider bandwidth.
关键词： wavelength division multiplexing,plastic optical fiber,analog stereo audio signal,optical fibers,signal-to-noise ratio
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Fabrication of Milk Fat Sensor based on Plastic Optical Fiber
摘要： The research about milk fat content based on plastic optical fiber sensor using gamma and spiral spring without cladding configurations has been reported. LED light transmitted through the plastic optical fiber to be received by the phototransistor. Changes in milk fat content affect the light intensity received by the phototransistor. Sensor output voltage amplified by a differential amplifier and then the analog signal converted into the digital signal by the Arduino Uno microcontroller furthermore, the output voltage read on a computer. The milk fat content sample with a percentage of 0.773 % to 4.473 % affect the propagation of light in the core of plastic optical fiber results in power losses that occur so that the light intensity decreases and the output voltage measured becomes smaller. The results showed that the higher the milk fat content, the sensor output voltage decreases. The best measurements obtained on the spiral spring configuration with 4 windings produce value range 0.044 V, sensitivity 11.887 mV/%, and a resolution of 0.084 %. This method is effective as well as efficiently used as milk fat sensor because it has good sensitivity and resolution.
关键词： spiral spring configuration,sensitivity,resolution,gamma configuration,milk fat sensor,plastic optical fiber
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Protein Content Sensor based on Plastic Optical Fiber
摘要： Plastic optical fiber (POF) content protein sensor has been developed. This sensor is made with a gamma and spiral configuration, with a cladding peel length of 5 cm. POF sensor is dipped into the container containing Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) solution with different concentrations of 0.1-1 mg/ml. Both ends of the sensor are connected by Light Emiting Diode (LED) and Phototransistor. The LED light will propagate through the POF and it is received by the phototransistor. Light that propagates will be interfenced due to increasing of protein concentration around the sensor, so that the output voltage will be affected. The output voltage will be forwarded to Arduino Uno and read by the computer. The best results were obtained in a spiral configuration with 3 bending with a sensitivity of 0.007 Vml/mg and a resolution of 0.142 mg/ml. This method has advantages that are easy fabrication, simple measurement process, and low cost.
关键词： protein sensor,Plastic optical fiber,Phototransistor,Arduino Uno,Bovine Serum Albumin,LED
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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[IEEE 2019 18th International Conference on Optical Communications and Networks (ICOCN) - Huangshan, China (2019.8.5-2019.8.8)] 2019 18th International Conference on Optical Communications and Networks (ICOCN) - Fabrication of surface corrugated Long Period Gratings on Plastic Optical Fibers for Refractive Index Sensing
摘要： We use a simple way to fabricate surface corrugated long period gratings (LPGs) on commercial plastic optical fibers (POFs) by die press print method. The so-obtained LPGs are proposed as refractive index (RI) sensors in this work. The LPGs imprinted on the POFs with different diameters are evaluated, and it shows that an LPG imprinted on a thin POF (with a diameter of 0.25mm) exhibits better RI sensing performance than that of the ones on thick POFs (with diameters of 0.5 and 1.0mm). When the LPG with period of 100μm, groove depth of 45μm was imprinted on the POF with a diameter of 0.25mm, the RI sensitivity of 1998%/RIU with a resolution of 2.70×10-4 RIU is obtained. The sensor is a low-cost solution for RI sensing purpose and with the features of simple structure, easy fabrication and intensity modulation at visible wavelengths.
关键词： Refractive index sensing,Long period grating,Plastic optical fiber
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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On the Characterization of Novel Step-Index Biocompatible and Biodegradable poly(D,L- lactic acid) Based Optical Fiber
摘要： We report on the first step-index biodegradable polymer optical fiber (bioPOF) fabricated using commercially available polyesters, with a core made from poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) and a cladding made from poly(D,L-lactic acid). We prepared the preforms with a rod-in-tube technique and the fibers with a standard heat drawing process. We discuss the chemical and optical properties of the polyesters along the fabrication process from polymer granulates to optical fiber. More specifically, we address the influence of the processing steps on the molecular weight and thermal properties of the polymers. Cutback measurements return an attenuation of 0.26 dB∕cm at 950 nm for fibers with an outer diameter of 1000 ± 50 μm, a core of 570 ±30 μm and a numerical aperture of 0.163. When immersed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), bioPOFs degrade over a period of 3 months, concurrent with a 91% molecular weight loss. The core decomposes already after 3 weeks and features a 85% molecular weight loss. There is no any additional optical loss caused by immersion in PBS during the first 30-40 min for a bioPOFs with a diameter of about 500 μm. Our result demonstrates that bioPOF can be suitable for applications requiring light delivery deep into living tissue, such as photodynamic therapy.
关键词： optical polymers,biodegradable materials,optical fibers,optical fiber materials,plastic optical fiber
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Investigation of a D-Shaped Optical Fiber Sensor with Graphene Overlay
摘要： A surface plasmon resonance sensor based on a D-shaped plastic optical fiber using graphene layers coated over a thin silver film is numerically analyzed. The performance of the sensing structure is studied as a function of the number of graphene layers, sensing area length, and polishing depth. Sensor’s quality parameters, such as signal-to-noise ratio, the figure of merit, and sensitivity, are also calculated. The graphene overlay increases the sensitivity reaching a peak of 5,161 nm/RIU for 16 graphene layers. The sensor’s quality parameters increases as the sensing area length decrease. On the other hand, the polishing depth is directly proportional to the sensor’s quality parameters.
关键词： surface plasmon resonance,D-shaped sensor,plastic optical fiber,Biosensor
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Temperature sensitivity investigation of tapered plastic optical fiber-Mach Zehnder interferometer for sensor application
摘要： Mach Zehnder interferometer (MZI) based on plastic optical fiber (POF) is interesting due to its robustness and simple fabrication. In this work, MZI-POF was designed and its sensitivity to temperature change was characterized to investigate its performance for sensor application. The MZI-POF was fabricated by forming two tapers at several distance by simple heat-pull method. The spectra was investigated by launching white light emitting diode (LED) and the output were observed using VIS-NIR spectrometer. It is shown that the wavelength of spectrum peak and spectrum dip were shifted compared to that of un-tapered POF which indicates that the structure serves well as MZI. Sensor sensitivity to temperature was determined by measuring the spectrum for various temperature which was varied from 40oC to 80oC with increment of 5oC. The result showed that the sensor sensitivity is 0.0693nm/oC in terms of peak measurement and 0.0487nm/oC for dip measurement. Therefore, MZI-POF is a potential candidate for temperature sensor.
关键词： Mach Zehnder interferometer,temperature sensitivity,sensor application,plastic optical fiber
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04