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A Review of the Energy Performance and Life-Cycle Assessment of Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Systems
摘要： This paper is based on the safety method of particle swarm, and integrates the classical particle swarm algorithm and simulated annealing particle swarm algorithm. This article combines the classic particle swarm algorithm and simulated annealing particle the advantages of can improve the UAV mission in a complex spatial environment safety, reduce the unmanned aerial vehicle unable to effectively avoid the ground fixed obstacles in the process of flying and air other aircraft due to the risk of collision, made it possible to unmanned aerial vehicles and man-machine Shared airspace, able to perform various tasks for unmanned aerial vehicle safely and successfully provide effective protection.
关键词： particle swarm optimization,UAVs,simulated annealing,conflict resolution
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Combined pulsed laser drilling of metal by continuous wave laser and nanosecond pulse train
摘要： The purpose of this paper is to propose a new hybrid metaheuristic to solve the problem of feature selection. Feature selection problem is the process of finding the most relevant subset based on some criteria. A hybrid metaheuristic is a new trend in the development of optimization algorithms. In this paper, two different hybrid models are designed based on spotted hyena optimization (SHO) for feature selection problem. The SHO algorithm can find the optimal or nearly optimal feature subset in the feature space to minimize the given fitness function. In the first model, the simulated annealing algorithm (SA) is embedded in the SHO algorithm (called SHOSA-1) to enhance the optimal solution found by the SHO algorithm after each iteration. In the second model, SA enhances the final solution obtained by the SHO algorithm (called SHOSA-2). The performance of these methods is evaluated in 20 datasets in the UCI repository. The experiments show that SHOSA-1 performs better than the native algorithm and SHOSA-2. And then, SHOSA-1 is compared with six state-of-the-art optimization algorithms. The experimental results confirm that SHOSA-1 improves the classification accuracy and reduces the number of selected features compared with other wrapper-based optimization algorithms. That proves the excellent performance of SHOSA-1 in spatial search and feature attribute selection.
关键词： simulated annealing,Hybrid optimization,classification,spotted hyena optimization algorithm,SHO optimization
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Optimized mixed phases to achieve improved performance of organic solar cells
摘要： In the three-phase (pure donor, pure acceptor, and mixed phases) morphologies of organic solar cells, the mixed phases produce an energy cascade that promotes the generation of free carriers. However, how to optimize the content of the mixed phases is a challenging problem. The authors proposed to control different content of mixed phases in DRTB-T and IDIC blends by additive and solvent vapor annealing (SVA). The authors ?rst formed the largest extent amount of mixed phases by the additive cinene (2%) to inhibit the crystallization of DRTB-T and IDIC. And then, different amounts of mixed phases were achieved by further SVA for different times (from 0 to 50 s) to increase the content of pure DRTB-T and IDIC phases. The energetic offsets (ΔE) of pure and mixed phases gradually decrease from 0.529 to 0.477 eV for different content of mixed phases. When ΔE was 0.498 eV, the highest photocurrent density (Jsc) was obtained. The power conversion ef?ciency was increased from 3.23% (without any treatment) to 8.54%. Therefore, the authors demonstrated that the optimized content of the mixed phases is critical to device performance.
关键词： solvent vapor annealing,additive,organic solar cells,power conversion efficiency,DRTB-T,energy cascade,cinene,IDIC,mixed phases
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Effect of Annealing Treatment on Optical and Electrical Properties of PCDTBT:Graphene Hybrid Structure for Photovoltaic Application
摘要： Indium tin oxide (ITO)/poly[N-9￠-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4,7-di-2-thienyl-2￠,1￠,3￠-benzothiadiazole)] (PCDTBT):graphene/Al structures have been elaborated. By applying a specific elaboration method, we succeeded in dispersing expandable graphene oxide in organic solvent (N,N-dimethylformamide, DMF) to obtain graphene oxide and insert it into a PCDTBT matrix. The effect of annealing treatment of PCDTBT:graphene films on the optical and electrical properties were studied. The obtained results showed a remarkable effect of the annealing treatment on the optoelectronic properties. The ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectra showed that the light harvesting was increased and the orderly stacking of the polymer chains was enhanced. The photoluminescence results showed a red-shift of about 10 nm in case of heat treatment at 150°C, related to an increase of the conjugation length of the polymer chains. The electrical parameters, such as the series resistance (Rs), ideality factor (n), and barrier height (/b), were calculated. We found that thermal annealing reduced both the series resistance Rs and barrier height value /b, significantly. These results indicate that annealing treatment improves the transport phenomenon in the active layer. In addition, the Log(J)–Log(V) curves suggested that the charge transport is governed by a space-charge-limited mechanism current. The effective carrier mobility (leff) was on the order of 10?5 cm2/V.
关键词： annealing treatment,hybrid structure,PCDTBT,graphene oxide,bulk heterojunction,Nanocomposite
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Effect of Electron-Acceptor Content on the Efficiency of Regioregular Double-Cable Thiophene Copolymers in Single-Material Organic Solar Cells
摘要： Three regioregular thiophenic copolymers, characterized by a bromine atom or a C60-fullerene group at different molar ratios at the end of a decamethylenic plastifying side chain, have been successfully synthesized using a straightforward postpolymerization functionalization procedure based on a Grignard coupling reaction. Owing to their good solubility in common organic solvents, the products were fully characterized using chromatographic, spectroscopic, thermal, and morphological techniques and used as single materials in the photoactive layers of organic solar cells. The photoconversion efficiencies obtained with copolymers were compared with those of a reference cell prepared using a physical blend of the precursor homopolymer and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester. The best results were obtained with COP2, the copolymer with a 21% molar content of C60-functionalized side chains. The use of the double-cable polymer made possible an enhanced control on the nanomorphology of the active blend, thus reducing phase-segregation phenomena as well as the macroscale separation between the electron-acceptor and -donor components, yielding a power conversion efficiency higher than that of the reference cell (4.05 vs 3.68%). Moreover, the presence of the halogen group was exploited for the photo-cross-linking of the active layer immediately after the thermal annealing procedure. The cross-linked samples showed an increased stability over time, leading to good efficiencies even after 120 h of accelerated aging: this was a key feature for the widespread practical applicability of the prepared devices.
关键词： photo-cross-linking,C60-fullerene,double-cable polymer,thermal annealing,regioregular thiophenic copolymers,Grignard coupling reaction,organic solar cells,photoconversion efficiencies
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Surface Treatment on Nickel Oxide to Enhance the Efficiency of Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： The organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites such as CH3NH3PbI3 have been considered as one of the most promising candidates for the next-generation photovoltaic materials due to its high absorption coefficient, low exciton binding energy, and long diffusion length. Herein, we have chosen NiOx as the hole transport material because metal oxides exhibit robust properties in air. We synthesized the NiOx film by a common sol-gel method. It is found that high-temperature annealing (500°C) is required to ensure the perovskite solar cell (PSC) with an efficiency over 15%. Low-temperature annealing (100°C) cannot convert the precursor materials to fully covered NiOx film, while the PSC based on mediate-temperature annealing (300°C) NiOx has larger resistance and thus lower efficiency. Fortunately, we have found that UV-ozone treatment on the NiOx film can reduce the resistance of the device based on 300°C annealed NiOx. The champion device can reach 16% efficiency with UV-ozone-treated 300°C annealed NiOx. This work has made it possible to reduce the annealing temperature of the sol-gel NiOx for high-efficiency PSCs, and it is believed that this simple surface treatment can be further employed in other metal oxide-based optoelectronic devices.
关键词： perovskite solar cells,NiOx,annealing temperature,sol-gel method,UV-ozone treatment
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Impact of In Situ Annealing Time on CdTe Polycrystalline Film and Device Performance
摘要： We studied the impact of in situ post-growth annealing process on cadmium telluride (CdTe) polycrystalline thin ?lm in this work. Samples of different annealing times have been characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The optoelectronic properties of CdTe ?lm were deeply studied with light I–V testing, external quantum ef?ciency (EQE) and photoluminescence (PL)/time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) measurements. It is found that the in situ post-growth annealing treatment has a great effect on cadmium sul?de (CdS)/CdTe intermixing as well as interface pinholes. Elementary correlations between annealing time, ?lm and junction morphology, carrier lifetime and device performance were investigated, and the annealing time turns out to be crucial to CdTe device performance. Solar cells with CdTe polycrystalline thin ?lm annealed in situ at 550(cid:2)C/550(cid:2)C for 10 min show the best performance. With the help of precisely controlled annealing time, better CdTe ?lm microstructure and morphology can be realized after in situ post-growth annealing.
关键词： CdTe solar cell,in situ annealing,TRPL
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Ultra-fast annealing manipulated spinodal nano-decomposition in Mn-implanted Ge
摘要： In the present work, millisecond-range flash lamp annealing is used to recrystallize Mn-implanted Ge. Through systematic investigations of structural and magnetic properties, we find that the flash lamp annealing produces a phase mixture consisting of spinodally decomposed Mn-rich ferromagnetic clusters within a paramagnetic-like matrix with randomly distributed Mn atoms. Increasing the annealing energy density from 46, via 50, to 56 J cm?2 causes the segregation of Mn atoms into clusters, as proven by transmission electron microscopy analysis and quantitatively confirmed by magnetization measurements. According to x-ray absorption spectroscopy, the dilute Mn ions within Ge are in d5 electronic configuration. This Mn-doped Ge shows paramagnetism, as evidenced by the unsaturated magnetic-field-dependent x-ray magnetic circular dichroism signal. Our study reveals how spinodal decomposition occurs and influences the formation of ferromagnetic Mn-rich Ge–Mn nanoclusters.
关键词： flash lamp annealing,ion implantation,spinodal decomposition,Ge–Mn nanoclusters
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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B-doping and annealing on the properties of B and Ga co-doped ZnO films
摘要： Transparent conducting boron (B) and gallium (Ga) co-doped ZnO (BGZO) films were deposited by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. The influence of B-doping and annealing treatment on properties of BGZO films was investigated. The results indicate that all samples have hexagonal wurtzite structure with (002) preferential orientation and the film crystallinity is improved with increasing annealing temperature. The hall mobility of films increase and the carrier concentration decrease with the increasing of annealing temperature. The films also show red shift of the optical bandgap with the increasing of annealing temperature. The incorporation of B increases the thermal stability of electrical properties of the BGZO film.
关键词： ZnO,annealing,magnetron sputtering,boron
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Morphological Modification and Analysis of ZnO Nanorods and Their Optical Properties and Polarization
摘要： We report on the effect of the morphological modification on optical properties and polarization of ZnO nanorods (NR). Here, the morphology and structure of the ZnO NR were modified by introducing different annealing temperatures. The increase of length and diameter and change in density of the ZnO NR were clearly observed by increasing the annealing temperature. We found that the samples show different oxygen vacancy (VO) and zinc interstitial (ZnI) concentrations. We suggest that the different concentrations of VO and ZnI are originated from morphological and structural modification. Our results reveal that optical absorption and polarization of ZnO NR could be enhanced by producing a high concentration of VO and ZnI. The modification of VO and ZnI promotes a decrease in the band gap and coexistence of high optical absorption and polarization in our ZnO NR. Our findings would give a broad insight into the morphological modification and characterization technique on ZnO NR. The high optical and polarization characteristics of ZnO NR are potential for developing the high-performance nanogenerator device for multitype energy harvesting.
关键词： optical properties,polarization,annealing temperature,ZnO nanorods,morphological modification
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04