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[IEEE IGARSS 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium - Valencia, Spain (2018.7.22-2018.7.27)] IGARSS 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium - Influence of Cosine Corrector and Uas Platform Dynamics on Airborne Spectral Irradiance Measurements
摘要： Measuring solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence from small-sized Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) can potentially fill the scaling gap between ground-based and airborne/space-borne observations. These measurements require well calibrated, high-spectral resolution spectroradiometers and precise measurements of vegetation radiance and incoming solar irradiance. Here we present a system equipped with a spectroradiometer with a split optical path that measures incoming irradiance through a cosine corrector/diffuser. The objectives of this study are to characterise cosine corrected solar irradiance measurements with regard to sensor homogeneity and possible offset from an ideal cosine response. We further suggest a methodology to calculate a corrected zenith angle that accounts for changing sensor orientation due to pitch, roll and heading of the UAS platform during flight. We found that the cosine corrector is sufficiently homogeneous, thus measurements are independent of UAS heading. The response follows the cosine law for zenith angles, however, the sensor significantly underestimated irradiance for zenith angles >10?, with overall cosine errors ranging from 0.991 to 1.229. Yet, typical in-flight platform pitch and roll angles produce a zenith angle offset of up to 6? in low wind conditions. Cosine sensor measurements corrected for the zenith angle offset and the cosine error resulted in a 1.7% change in irradiance.
关键词： irradiance cosine corrector,spectroradiometer,sun zenith angle,solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence,unmanned aircraft system
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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[IEEE 2017 International Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference (IRSEC) - Tangier (2017.12.4-2017.12.7)] 2017 International Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference (IRSEC) - Solar PV Implementation in Industrial Buildings: Economic Study
摘要： Solar PV has seen exponential growth in the past few years among other renewable energy sources owing to major cost reduction and simpler implementation as rooftop installation. Based on the global trends, among all the end use categories industrial sector consumes the highest amount of energy. To achieve sustainable development, it is necessary to reform this sector. The combination of rooftop solar PV and industrial infrastructure seems to be a promising option. Industrial buildings have large roof areas, low shading effect, and at substantial power consumption make it best suitable for solar PV. In this work, a case study implementation of solar PV in midsize factory located in UAE is carried out. Five different scenarios are considered from which three are focused on technicalities (tracking, non-tracking, and storage) and two on the business finance (100% debt vs. 50% debt). Payback through electricity rate compensation is studied. It is seen that the best scenario in terms of technical configuration is a system with solar tracking and as far as financing the scenario with 50% debt.
关键词： Photo voltaics,economic study,Solar energy,sustainability
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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[Sustainable Energy Developments] Geothermal,Wind and Solar Energy Applications in Agriculture and Aquaculture || Chapter 7: Fundamentals of solar energy
摘要： Modern agricultural systems are characterized by the intensive and optimal use of land and water, turning agricultural exploitation into a semi-industrial concept. Greenhouses are systems suitable both for zones with unfavorable climatic conditions – allowing crop growth regardless of the ambient temperature – and for regions with less restrictive weather – with the aim of increasing crop productivity and improving fruit quality. In this context, a secure and environmentally friendly energy supply must be considered, for any power range or circumstance, including for stand-alone installations. Crop growth is primarily determined by climate and the amount of water and fertilizers applied through irrigation. Therefore, greenhouses are ideal for farming because they allow one to optimize these physical parameters, via the photosynthetic process (Ramírez-Arias et al., 2012), to enhance biomass production. This manipulation requires energy consumption, depending on the crop’s physiological requirements, and the production patterns adopted for yield quantity and timing. The present general concern on the development of more efficient and sustainable productive activities has increased interest in the evaluation of alternatives to the conventional energy sources in the sector; presently many are involved in processes for assessing the environmental feasibility and technological development of such alternatives (Antón et al., 2007; Bojacá et al., 2014; Martínez-Blanco et al., 2011; Page et al., 2012; Romero-Gámez et al., 2012; Torrellas et al., 2013; van der Werf et al., 2014). This work aims to provide an overview of the existing options for the integration of renewable sources in greenhouses located in semi-arid regions where, for example, the high availability of solar radiation facilitates its use for the fulfillment of a certain percentage of the heat and/or electricity loads of greenhouses. Accordingly, this overview contains the basic technological aspects of the main renewable technologies applicable in greenhouses, some simplified design tools and criteria for their selection. Finally, it includes a summary of selected experiences in this field. The main objective is to contribute to a better understanding of the technologies that should support the promotion and development of projects for the implementation of renewable energies in agriculture.
关键词： biomass,geothermal energy,wind energy,semi-arid climates,crop growth control,renewable energy,photovoltaic,greenhouses,energy efficiency,solar energy
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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[The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry] Environment, Energy and Climate Change I Volume 32 || The OASIS Observatory Using Ground-Based Solar Absorption Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in the Suburbs of Paris (Créteil-France)
摘要： Ground-based Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) solar absorption spectroscopy has led to a number of significant advances in our understanding of the atmosphere by providing information on the vertical distribution of various trace gases. Previously used to analyse solar absorption spectra measured at high-resolution in unpolluted sites, the retrieval code PROFFIT has been adapted to deal with spectra recorded at medium spectral resolution with a Bruker Optics Vertex 80 FTIR spectrometer. As one of the major instruments of the experimental observatory named OASIS (Observations of the Atmosphere by Solar Infrared Spectroscopy), this instrument is dedicated to the study of air composition in the suburbs of Paris. Accurate measurements of the most important atmospheric pollutants are indeed essential to improve the understanding and modelling of urban air pollution processes. Located in an urban region, OASIS enables to monitor key pollutants such as NOx, O3, CO and VOCs. In this chapter, 5 years intercomparison study with on-ground and satellite measurements for O3 and CO is reported, demonstrating the performances of a medium-resolution ground-based instrument and especially confirming its capability for tropospheric ozone monitoring.
关键词： Air quality in megacity,Ozone,Remote sensing,IR spectroscopy,Solar occultation,Carbon monoxide
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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A Method to Reconstruct the Solar-Induced Canopy Fluorescence Spectrum from Hyperspectral Measurements
摘要： A method for canopy Fluorescence Spectrum Reconstruction (FSR) is proposed in this study, which can be used to retrieve the solar-induced canopy fluorescence spectrum over the whole chlorophyll fluorescence emission region from 640–850 nm. Firstly, the radiance of the solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (Fs) at five absorption lines of the solar spectrum was retrieved by a Spectral Fitting Method (SFM). The Singular Vector Decomposition (SVD) technique was then used to extract three basis spectra from a training dataset simulated by the model SCOPE (Soil Canopy Observation, Photochemistry and Energy fluxes). Finally, these basis spectra were linearly combined to reconstruct the Fs spectrum, and the coefficients of them were determined by Weighted Linear Least Squares (WLLS) fitting with the five retrieved Fs values. Results for simulated datasets indicate that the FSR method could accurately reconstruct the Fs spectra from hyperspectral measurements acquired by instruments of high Spectral Resolution (SR) and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). The FSR method was also applied to an experimental dataset acquired in a diurnal experiment. The diurnal change of the reconstructed Fs spectra shows that the Fs radiance around noon was higher than that in the morning and afternoon, which is consistent with former studies. Finally, the potential and limitations of this method are discussed.
关键词： Fluorescence Spectrum Reconstruction (FSR),solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (Fs),Spectral Fitting Method (SFM),Fraunhofer Line Discriminator (FLD),hyperspectral remote sensing,Singular Vector Decomposition (SVD)
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Using IoT and smart monitoring devices to optimize the efficiency of large-scale distributed solar farms
摘要： This paper presents a novel IoT-based architecture that utilizes IoT hardware, software, and communication technologies to enable real-time monitoring and management of solar photovoltaic systems at large scales. The system enables stakeholders to remotely control and monitor the photovoltaic systems and evaluate the effect of various environmental factors such as weather, air quality, and soiling. The system was implemented and evaluated in terms of network delay and resource consumption. Message Queueing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) was used to facilitate wide-scale real-time communication. The average network delay was found to be less than 1 s, proving the architecture to be ideal for solar and smart grid monitoring systems. As for resource consumption, the evaluation showed the hardware to consume about 3% of the panel’s output, while the application also utilized a very small percentage of the CPU. This led to the conclusion that the proposed architecture is best deployed using low-cost constrained edge devices where a combination of IoT-based paradigm, efficient MQTT communication, and low resources consumption makes the system cost-effective and scalable.
关键词： Solar photovoltaic monitoring,Smart renewable energy,IoT,Smart grid
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Comprehensive Remote Sensing || Solar Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence: Origins, Relation to Photosynthesis and Retrieval
摘要： Photosynthesis has been key to Earth’s habitability, especially since the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis with the accompanying rise in atmospheric O2 starting in the Proterozoic era, around 2.5 billion years ago. The conversion of light to chemical energy enables higher life forms and the presence of reduced carbon stocks and molecular O2 (accumulated products of photosynthesis) provided the fossil fuels for the initiation of our industrialized society. As a visible indicator of photosynthesis, fluorescence emanating from chlorophyll molecules attracted interest more than 100 years ago. In 1874, red fluorescence from a green living leaf was observed to be weaker than from a dilute chlorophyll solution (Müller, 1874), indicating an alternate fate for energy absorbed by chlorophyll in vivo. More quantitative studies of chlorophyll a fluorescence go back to observations by Hans Kautsky and A. Hirsch in 1931 at the Chemical Institute at the University of Heidelberg, Germany (Kautsky, 1931). They discovered the so-called Kautsky effect, a decrease in Chl fluorescence following illumination of dark-adapted leaves. Both studies already indicated an important aspect of chlorophyll fluorescence, namely, that its yield can vary. This effect is caused by variation in the balance of pathways that compete with fluorescence for quenching of the excited chlorophyll state. The porphyrin ring of the chlorophyll molecule is the center of light absorption and fluorescence. In a dilute chlorophyll solution, where fluorescence is the only route for de-excitation, the fluorescence lifetime (sF) is about 6 ns and the fluorescence yield (FF) approaches 1. In vivo, the excited chlorophyll state can be quenched by other processes, most notably photosynthesis itself but also quenching to heat; FF is lower (1%–5%) and the sF proportionally shorter. Fluorescence in itself is not a significant route for de-excitation of chlorophyll but changes in FF or sF can be used to study how absorbed energy is used. On the other hand, when FF is constant, fluorescence can provide information on the total amount of light absorbed, as the amount emitted will be proportional to the total amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) that is absorbed by chlorophyll and associated pigments. Fig. 1 shows an example of a typical fluorescence spectrum as well as the absorbance spectrum by chlorophyll.
关键词： Fluorescence Yield,Solar Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence,Chlorophyll,Photosynthesis,Remote Sensing
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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High‐Temperature Phase Change Material (PCM) Selection for Concentrating Solar Power Tower Applications
摘要： With current concerns about the environmental impact of greenhouse gas emissions, reducing our reliance on fossil fuels has become an ever-growing necessity. A thermal energy storage system that utilizes phase change materials (PCMs) in the form of molten salts, coupled with a concentrating solar power tower plant, is proposed as an effective means of achieving highly efficient and cost competitive power generation on par with traditional fossil fuel–based power. In this study, a set of five selection criteria are applied to a wide range of salt mixtures to determine the best candidates for use as PCMs. The selection criteria include the salt mixture’s melting temperature, latent heat, thermal conductivity, material safety, and cost. A shortlist of 20 salt candidates is made, and differential scanning calorimetry experiments are performed on them to verify the thermal properties of these candidates. A final list of eight salts is then selected as the best PCMs for use in a working temperature range between 500 and 800 °C.
关键词： salt selection,solar thermal power,thermal energy storage,latent heat,molten salts
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Investigation of the Combined Efficiency of a Solar/Gas Hybrid Water Heating System
摘要： In climate regions with large seasonal variations in solar radiation, such as the Pacific Northwest of the United States, a solar thermal energy collector might not economically satisfy year-round domestic water heating demands, requiring an auxiliary unit, such as a natural gas-fired water heater. Previous studies have shown that the burner efficiency of a gas-fired water heater varies depending on the log-mean temperature difference between the cold fluid (water) and the hot fluid (combustion gases). In a solar/gas hybrid water heating system where solar collectors are used in conjunction with a gas-fired heater, the partial heating of water provided by solar input reduces the log-mean temperature difference value for the gas heater, reducing the efficiency of the gas burner. Since this efficiency reduction varies depending on the amount of pre-heating provided by solar energy input, it is difficult to accurately predict the actual cost and energy savings offered by solar/gas hybrid water heaters in different climate scenarios. Hence, to predict the actual energy and cost savings under various design conditions, the performance of solar/gas hybrid systems must be better understood. The purpose of this work is to experimentally determine the thermal performance of a solar/gas water hybrid water heating system with a 6.44 m2 flat plate solar collector array and a 22.3 kW natural gas burner in Corvallis, Oregon. Under different temperature lifts and solar insolation values, the system was operated at three different modes of heating: solar, gas, and combined solar/gas mode. The overall system thermal efficiency value for each mode is calculated. The efficiency of the solar collector heating system was found to be 41.97%, 39.82%, and 35.05% at initial water temperature of 20, 30, and 51.5 °C, respectively. For initial water temperatures of 20, 30, and 51.5 °C, the efficiency of the gas burner was found to be 69.2%, 66.4%, and 65.5% at the HHV, and 76.7%, 73.6%, and 72.6% at the LHV of natural gas, respectively. In the combined solar/gas heating mode, the efficiency of the gas burner decreased with increasing solar fraction. For solar fractions of 4.93%, 9.40%, 11.39%, and 14.27%, the efficiency of the gas burner in terms of the HHV of natural gas was found to be of 69.08%, 66.80%, 66.17%, and 65.18%, respectively. Based on the experimental results, a configuration that would provide higher overall system efficiency for combined solar/gas heating is suggested.
关键词： water heating,Solar thermal,natural gas
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Ladder‐Type Nonacyclic Arene Bis(thieno[3,2‐b]thieno)cyclopentafluorene as A Promising Building Block for Non‐Fullerene Acceptor
摘要： A ladder-type nonacyclic arene (bis(thieno[3,2-b]thieno)cyclopentafluorene (BTTF)) has been designed and synthesized through fusing thienothiophenes with the fluorene core from the synthon of dimethyl 9,9-dioctyl-2,7-bis(thieno[3,2-b]thiophen-2-yl)fluorene-3,6-dicarboxylate. With BTTF as the central donor unit, a novel acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-D-A) type non-fullerene small molecule (BTTFIC) was prepared with 1,1-dicyanomethylene-3-indanones (IC) as the peripheral acceptor units. The energy level of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of BTTFIC locate at -5.56 and -3.95 eV, respectively, presenting a low optical band gap of 1.58 eV. Encouragingly, polymer solar cells based on the blends of BTTFIC with both the representative wide and low band gap polymer donors (PBDB-T, 1.82 eV. PTB7-Th, 1.58 eV) offer power conversion efficiencies over 8% (8.78 ± 0.18% for PBDB-T:BTTFIC and 8.18 ± 0.29% for PTB7-Th:BTTFIC). These results highlight the advantage of ladder-type BTTF on the preparation of nonfullerene acceptors with extended conjugated backbones.
关键词： Ladder-type Arene,Non-fullerene Acceptor,Bulk heterojunction,Polymer Solar Cells,Polycyclic Aromatics
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14