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A Detailed Optimisation of Solar Photovoltaic/Thermal Systems and its Application.
摘要： There have been various studies and experimental results analysing the operational behaviour of PVT, most of which has been done at steady state or quasi-state. Variable factors can be controlled to optimise the PVT output such as mass flow rate, irradiation falling on the PVT through tracking or incidence angles in a day and fixed factors that depend on the design of the chosen PVT system as well as location parameters such as ambient temperature, wind speed, Transport Fluid used, Difference in Structure, Packing Density, Nominal operating temperature, stagnation temperatures, Fill Factor, Thickness of each layer, Location and Latitude and Heat removal factor (harp or serpentine design). The aim of this research is to validate and predict the dynamic behaviour of PVT systems while accurately describing the factor responsible for the loss of efficiency at any point in time under various weather constraints. A commercial system was considered (Solar Angel PVT system) here and is simulated for an entire year. The system was modelled in MATLAB and solved in implicit RK-4 method. The research question finds out to establish the basis for a standard testing protocol for assessing PV-T performance throughout various differences. It also analyses the long-term dynamic performance of PV/T technology by providing evidential data analysis (solar irradiance, heat and electricity, ambient temperature, operational temperatures, flow rates and thermal storage capacity) while completing an assessment of PVT behaviour with respect to an equivalent PV under different weather conditions. The flow rates, heat removal factor and the location affect the thermal behaviour of the PV/T to a greater extent than nominal temperatures and stagnation temperatures.
关键词： Electric and Thermal Energy,Solar Photovoltaic thermal systems,Optimising,Solar Energy,Dynamic Modelling,Optimal operation of PVT,PVT systems with storage
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Interfacial Engineering in Functional Materials for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells || Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells: History, Components, Configuration, and Working Principle
摘要： The ever-growing human population requires the consumption of energy in various forms, and therefore researchers in energy field focus on energy harvesting from various sources. The nonrenewable energy sources such as fossil fuels are running out, which cannot be replenished in our life time. The nonrenewable energy sources are carbon-based fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas that emits greenhouse gases (for example carbon dioxide) that cause global warming, a serious threat to the world and mankind. At present, worldwide around three-fourth of the electricity is obtained from the nonrenewable sources that cannot be reused or recycled [1]. Many countries such as Japan, China, France, Ukraine, and India depend on nuclear power stations for the production of electricity and also they are facing several harmful issues from these power plants that lead to environmental pollution [2]. Therefore, the focus of scientists mainly rely on the renewable energy-based energy conversion devices. Solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, and geothermal are some of the examples of renewable energy resources available in our earth. Of these, solar energy is an important source of renewable energy, which is available throughout a day all over the year, basically inexhaustible in nature. In case of solar energy, radiation obtained from the sunlight is capable of producing heat and light, causes photochemical reactions, and generates electricity. As the electricity becomes a first and foremost basic need for the mankind, this impressive energy source can be utilized for the conversion of solar to electrical energy using solar cell technology. The strength of solar energy is magnanimous as it provides us about 10 000 times more energy that is higher than the world’s daily need of energy consumption [1]. The earth receives such a huge amount of energy every day, we are fortunate to harness it using suitable solar cell technologies. Regrettably, though solar energy is free of cost, the highly expensive technologies required for its conversion and storage which limit the technology to reach the wider community.
关键词： Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells,photoanode,TiO2,solar energy,dyes,photovoltaic effect,DSSCs,counter electrode,renewable energy,electrolytes
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Optimal Cost of a Solar Photovoltaic System for a Remote House in Bihar
摘要： Energy plays a vital role for the growth of a country. Solar energy is the most important renewable energy resources that can play vital role in the replacement of fossil resources to generate clean energy. Due to technological developments in solar power technologies, solar energy can be used for cooling, heating, and daily electricity demand of the world and emerged as viable alternative to produce clean energy in future. The paper describes the technological development of PV model, its present status and future opportunities in the context of Bihar, India. The study was carried out in Bihar, global solar radiation data is required for the calculation and assessment of the working principles of PV system installed at remotely located house to provide adequate power backup. The case study has been based on the solar radiation data available in Bihar, India, the cost of a suitable PV model for a house has been computed based on the analysis of power requirement of a houses in a day.
关键词： Solar Energy,Solar Radiation,Solar Irradiance,Photovoltaic (PV) system
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Optimal power flow of power systems with controllable wind‐photovoltaic energy systems via differential evolutionary particle swarm optimization
摘要： The produced energy from varied sources in modern power systems is to be optimally planned for planning and operating of power system under the determined limit conditions. Recently, the rising overall people population of the world, the increasing of people requirements, improvements of technology, and ecosystem and global climate changes have caused with the increasing of electric energy demand. One of the most important solution methods to meet this energy demand is considered as utilization of renewable energy sources (RESs) in power systems. The structure of power systems has become with the usage of RESs more complex. The optimal power flow (OPF) from planning and operation problems has converted to difficult problem with RESs integrated into modern power systems. This paper presents the OPF problem of power systems with a high penetration of controllable renewable sources. These kinds of sources are able to inject a determined power since they have a back-up unit (storage). Uncertain solar irradiance and wind speed are simulated via log-normal and Rayleigh probability distributions, respectively. The proposed OPF problem with controllable renewable sources is solved by the differential evolutionary particle swarm optimization (DEEPSO) algorithm. Simulations conducted on various test systems illustrate the effectiveness and efficiency of DEEPSO as compared with other algorithms including moth swarm algorithm, backtracking search algorithm, and differential search algorithm. In addition, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test is applied to show the supremacy, effectiveness, and robustness of DEEPSO algorithm.
关键词： power system planning,optimal power flow,solar energy,wind energy,optimization
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Multi-bandgap Solar Energy Conversion via Combination of Microalgal Photosynthesis and Spectrally Selective Photovoltaic Cell
摘要： Microalgal photosynthesis is a promising solar energy conversion process to produce high concentration biomass, which can be utilized in the various fields including bioenergy, food resources, and medicine. In this research, we study the optical design rule for microalgal cultivation systems, to efficiently utilize the solar energy and improve the photosynthesis efficiency. First, an organic luminescent dye of 3,6-Bis(4′-(diphenylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,5-dihexyl-2,5-dihydropyrrolo3,4-c pyrrole -1,4-dione (D1) was coated on a photobioreactor (PBR) for microalgal cultivation. Unlike previous reports, there was no enhancement in the biomass productivities under artificial solar illuminations of 0.2 and 0.6 sun. We analyze the limitations and future design principles of the PBRs using photoluminescence under strong illumination. Second, as a multiple-bandgaps-scheme to maximize the conversion efficiency of solar energy, we propose a dual-energy generator that combines microalgal cultivation with spectrally selective photovoltaic cells (PVs). In the proposed system, the blue and green photons, of which high energy is not efficiently utilized in photosynthesis, are absorbed by a large-bandgap PV, generating electricity with a high open-circuit voltage (Voc) in reward for narrowing the absorption spectrum. Then, the unabsorbed red photons are guided into PBR and utilized for photosynthesis with high efficiency. Under an illumination of 7.2 kWh m?2 d?1, we experimentally verified that our dual-energy generator with C60-based PV can simultaneously produce 20.3 g m?2 d?1 of biomass and 220 Wh m?2 d?1 of electricity by utilizing multiple bandgaps in a single system.
关键词： Photobioreactor,Spectrally selective photovoltaic cell,Solar energy conversion,Dual-energy generator,Microalgal photosynthesis
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Photovoltaic Energy Yield Improvement in Two-Stage Solar Microinverters
摘要： The focus in this paper is on the two-stage photovoltaic (PV) microinverters using a buck-boost dc/dc front-end converter. Wide input voltage range of the front-end converter enables operation under shaded conditions but results in mediocre performance in the typical voltage range. These microinverters can be controlled with either fixed or variable dc-link voltage control methods. The latter improves the converter efficiency considerably in the range of the most probable maximum power point (MPP) locations. However, the buck-boost operation of the front-end converter results in noticeable variations of the efficiency across the input voltage range. As a result, conventional weighted efficiency metrics cannot be used to predict annual energy productions by the microinverters. This paper proposes a new methodology for the estimation of annual energy production based on annual profiles of the solar irradiance and ambient temperature. Using this methodology, quantification of the annual energy production is provided for two geographical locations.
关键词： solar energy,photovoltaic,residential systems,renewable energy,variable dc-link voltage,microinverter
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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An algorithm for designing a cooling system for photovoltaic panels
摘要： Solar energy is an abundant source of energy for generating electricity. One of the main challenges in using solar energy is that solar photovoltaic (PV) panels are typically used in regions where solar radiation is high; consequently, the temperature of the panels will increase, and the efficiency of the panels will decrease. Adding cooling tubes to the PV panel is a possible approach to cool it down. To design such cooling systems, CFD simulations may be used; however, this approach tends to be time-consuming. In this paper, we report a new algorithm for designing straight cooling tubes. The algorithm can be used to determine important design parameters such as tube center-to-center length, diameter of the tube, and the minimum tube length needed to achieve a desired outlet temperature. The accuracy of the algorithm was tested using real-world data (including various ambient temperatures and solar radiations) and the maximum temperature difference between desired outlet temperature and CFD simulation for the designed cooling system was found to be 1.7oK.
关键词： Solar energy,Conjugated heat transfer,Design algorithm,Renewable energy,PVT,Cooling system
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Impacts on the Output Power of Photovoltaics on Top of Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
摘要： This paper investigates the potential output power of a photovoltaic (PV) installation on top of battery-powered electric vehicles (BEVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Firstly, we discuss the available area on the roof of BEVs and HEVs for deploying PV cells. Secondly, we verify the impact of the vehicles curved roof surface on the available output power of photovoltaics. More precisely, we present a method of calculating the effective area of PV cells, useful for PV simulation models and calculating the available output power of PV cells with different longitudinal angles. We verify our method within experiments and present the results of them, showing that the model predicts the output power of PV cells with an accuracy better than 2.5%. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of the curved surface and ambient conditions on possible interconnections of PV cells. Here, we present considerations for both, stationary and moving conditions, to highlight the dif?culties for interconnecting PV cells to form PV panels. From our experimental results, for frequent changes in the available solar radiation level, we can see a difference in terms of output power larger than 75% between series and parallel interconnections of PV cells.
关键词： battery-powered electric vehicle,photovoltaic energy,solar energy,simulation,data acquisition,measurement,environmental data,hybrid electric vehicle
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) technology: Review and case study
摘要： Nowadays, solar technology converts solar energy into electricity and heat separately. For electricity generation, the main obstacle is the fact that the photovoltaic cells produce less energy as the temperature increases. To overcome this, cooling techniques can be used to raise the efficiency of solar cells, in order to obtain greater power generation. The photovoltaic-thermal hybrid solar collector (or PVT) is an equipment that integrates a photovoltaic (PV) module, for the conversion of solar energy into electrical energy, and a module with high thermal conversion efficiency (T), which employs a thermal fluid. This optimization of solar conversion technology has the main objective of cooling the photovoltaic cells, for increased generation of electricity, while also resulting in useful thermal energy from the working fluid, therefore constituting a cogeneration equipment. The present work reviews the development and global panorama of PVT technology. Afterwards, a case study of a PVT system is presented, together with a theoretical and experimental study. A thermography analysis performed in this PVT system is also examined, which allows for a real-time study of its operating regimes in different conditions, mainly of its thermal behaviour, and for the diagnosis of hot spots that signal potential defects in the cells.
关键词： thermography analysis,Photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) technology,solar energy,hybrid solar collector
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Interfacing boron monophosphide with molybdenum disulphide for an ultrahigh performance in thermoelectrics, 2D excitonic solar cells and nanopiezotronics
摘要： Stable ultrathin 2D van der Waals (vdW) heterobilayer, based on the recently synthesized boron monophosphide (BP) and the widely studied molybdenum disulphide (MoS2), has been systematically explored for the conversion of waste heat, solar energy and nanomechanical energy into electricity. It shows a gigantic figure of merit (ZT) > 12 (4) for p (n)-type doping at 800 K, which is the highest ever reported till date. At room temperature (300 K), ZT reaches 1.1 (0.3) for p(n)-type doping which is comparable to experimentally measured ZT=1.1 on PbTe-PbSnS2 nanocomposite at 300 K. While it outweighs the Cu2Se-CuInSe2 nanocomposite (ZT=2.6 at 850 K) and the theoretically calculated ZT = 7 at 600 K on silver halides. Lattice thermal conductivity (???? ~ 49 Wm-1K-1) calculated at room temperature is lesser than that of black phosphorene (78 Wm-1K-1) and arsenene (61 Wm-1K-1). The nearly matched lattice constants in the commensurate lattices of the constituent monolayers helps to preserve the direct band gap at the K point in the type II vdW heterobilayer of MoS2/BP, where BP and MoS2 serve as donor and acceptor materials respectively. An ultrahigh carrier mobility ~ 20 × 103 cm2V-1s-1 is found, which exceeds that of previously reported transition metal dichalcogenide based vdW heterostructures. The exciton binding energy (0.5 eV) is close to that of MoS2 (0.54 eV) and C3N4 (0.33 eV) single layers. The calculated power conversion efficiency (PCE) in monolayer MoS2/BP heterobilayer exceeds 20%. It surpasses the efficiency in MoS2/p-Si heterojunction solar cells (5.23%) and competes with the theoretically calculated ones, listed in the manuscript. Furthermore, high optical absorbance (~105 cm-1) of visible light and small conduction band offset (0.13 eV) makes MoS2/BP very promising in 2D excitonic solar cells. Out-of-plane piezoelectric strain coefficient, ??33 ~ 3.16 pm/V, is found to be enhanced four-fold (~14.3 pm/V) upon applying 7% vertical compressive strain on the heterobilayer, which corresponds to ~1 kBar of hydrostatic pressure. Such a high out-of-plane piezoelectric coefficient, which can tune top-gating effects in ultrathin 2D nanopiezotronics, is a relatively new finding. As BP has been synthesized recently, experimental realization of the multifunctional, versatile MoS2/BP heterostructure would be highly feasible.
关键词： first-principles calculations,piezoelectricity,thermoelectricity,solar energy conversion efficiency,excitonic solar cells
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22