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Enhanced Nucleation of Atomic Layer Deposited Contacts Improves Operational Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells in Air
摘要： Metal-halide perovskites show promise as highly efficient solar cells, light-emitting diodes, and other optoelectronic devices. Ensuring long-term stability is now a major priority. In this study, an ultrathin (2 nm) layer of polyethylenimine ethoxylated (PEIE) is used to functionalize the surface of C60 for the subsequent deposition of atomic layer deposition (ALD) SnO2, a commonly used electron contact bilayer for p–i–n devices. The enhanced nucleation results in a more continuous initial ALD SnO2 layer that exhibits superior barrier properties, protecting Cs0.25FA0.75Pb(Br0.20I0.80)3 films upon direct exposure to high temperatures (200 °C) and water. This surface modification with PEIE translates to more stable solar cells under aggressive testing conditions in air at 60 °C under illumination. This type of “built-in” barrier layer mitigates degradation pathways not addressed by external encapsulation, such as internal halide or metal diffusion, while maintaining high device efficiency up to 18.5%. This nucleation strategy is also extended to ALD VOx films, demonstrating its potential to be broadly applied to other metal oxide contacts and device architectures.
关键词： perovskite solar cells,barrier layer,nucleation,stability testing,atomic layer deposition
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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[American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 2018 Detroit, Michigan July 29 - August 1, 2018 - ()] 2018 Detroit, Michigan July 29 - August 1, 2018 - <i>The Assessment of Accuracy and Stability for a UAS Sensor Platform as a Precision Agriculture Management Tool in Detecting and Mapping Geospatial Field Variability</i>
摘要： The unmanned aerial system (UAS), that is used as a precision agricultural management tool for detecting and mapping geospatial variability in the crop health of the agricultural row field, is dependent on global positioning system (GPS) receivers and remote sensor (RS) systems. Unlike a ground platform, the UAS is subject to additional platform factors such as autonomous flight system, inertial navigational system (INS), aerodynamics, and aerial climate conditions which can affect flight path accuracy and stability. Such factors can result in diminished quality of trajectory accuracy or aerial Nadir stability that is needed for the precision mapping of geospatial variability zones that are used in the management decisions for geospatial input of treatments. The diminished quality of the UAS flight path can in turn cause RS image-stitching distortions that will render a precision treatment zone map geospatially insufficient. Using the scientific method, this project proposes bringing geospatial assessment tools to the agricultural field that serve to independently verify the flight path accuracy and stability aspects of any UAS sensor platform apart from sole reliance on ortho-stitching processing or sole reliance on on-board platform systems. In a field, a set pattern of elevation posts with global navigational satellite system (GNSS) obtained coordinates will be erected to be viewed from the Nadir orientation of any UAS. With any UAS autonomous platform equipped for optically tracking geospatial flight path metrics, the UAS flight path will follow the posted field pattern at various altitudes. The expected result will be a repeatable testing regimen that will be suitable in standardizing the assessment of any UAS sensor platform for flight path stability and accuracy where precision mapping and true global accuracy are needed such as in the management decisions for the geospatial input of treatments.
关键词： sensor platform,timeliness,unmanned aerial system (UAS),Accuracy,Nadir view stability,testing regimen,geospatial variability (GSV),site specific management (SSM)
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46