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Multi-Spectral Ship Detection Using Optical, Hyperspectral, and Microwave SAR Remote Sensing Data in Coastal Regions
摘要： The necessity of efficient monitoring of ships in coastal regions has been increasing over time. Multi-satellite observations make it possible to effectively monitor vessels. This study presents the results of ship detection methodology, applied to optical, hyperspectral, and microwave satellite images in the seas around the Korean Peninsula. Spectral matching algorithms are used to detect ships using hyperspectral images with hundreds of spectral channels and investigate the similarity between the spectra and in-situ measurements. In the case of SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) images, the Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) algorithm is used to discriminate the vessels from the backscattering coefficients of Sentinel-1B SAR and ALOS-2 PALSAR2 images. Validation results exhibited that the locations of the satellite-detected vessels showed good agreement with real-time location data within the Sentinel-1B coverage in the Korean coastal region. This study presented the probability of detection values of optical and SAR-based ship detection and discussed potential causes of the errors. This study also suggested a possibility for real-time operational use of vessel detection from multi-satellite images based on optical, hyperspectral, and SAR remote sensing, particularly in the inaccessible coastal regions off North Korea, for comprehensive coastal management and sustainability.
关键词： ship detection,coastal region,hyperspectral,sustainability,optical remote sensing,SAR
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Assessment of concentrated solar power (CSP) technologies based on a modified intuitionistic fuzzy topsis and trigonometric entropy weights
摘要： Concentrated solar power (CSP) technology has shown considerable long-term growth with varying levels of peak development and stall phases over the years. More and more countries are finding CSP technology attractive for the production of electricity and other applications. CSP offers a variety of applications where solar power can be used appropriately, although the debate about which CSP technology has a better future perspective is still ongoing. This technology sector has seen a multitude of advancements and technological innovations. These improvements are primarily concerned with the design of the collectors and the related materials they are made from, the heat transfer processes, and the production and accumulation of energy. In order to assess these CSP technologies, in this paper we propose a fuzzy multi-criteria method. Then, Solar tower (ST), Parabolic solar trough (PST), Compact linear Fresnel reflector (CLFR), and Dish Stirling (DS) are evaluated using a modified intuitionistic fuzzy TOPSIS with a trigonometric entropy vector weight.
关键词： Sustainability,Concentrated solar power (CSP),Trigonometric entropy,Technological assessment,Intuitionistic fuzzy TOPSIS
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Sustainable Liquid Luminescent Solar Concentrators
摘要： Luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) are photovoltaic (PV) complementary devices to overcome the mismatch between the Si-based PV cells, response and the solar spectrum, allowing PV urban integration. Challenges for the luminescent layer include the use of abundant and sustainable natural organic molecules. Here, LSCs composed of a glass container and based on bundles of cylindrical hollow-core plastic optical fibers filled with aqueous solutions of R-phycoerythrin (R-PE), extracted from Gracilaria sp. algae are presented. The R-PE solutions absorb in the UV/visible spectral range (300–550 nm) and convert this radiation into red-emission (550–700 nm) with a maximum absolute quantum yield of ≈0.39. In this work, LSCs with distinct geometries are reported, in which the R-PE emission yields optical conversion efficiency values up to ≈6.88% and ≈4.74% for a planar device and for a bundle of cylindrical LSCs, respectively, which are the largest values known for liquid-based LCSs using sustainable emitting centres. Moreover, the coupling of the LSCs to commercial Si-based PV devices yields power conversion efficiency values of ≈0.27% (planar) and ≈23.03 × 10?3%, (bundle). These values illustrate the potential of this approach for the development of natural-based LSCs meeting the requirements of reliable, sustainable, and competitive energy systems.
关键词： sustainability,organic–inorganic hybrids,luminescent solar concentrators,R-phycoerythrin,natural optically active center,bundles
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Life cycle sustainability analysis applied to an innovative configuration of concentrated solar power
摘要： Purpose Life cycle sustainability analysis (LCSA) is being developed as a holistic tool to evaluate environmental, economic and social impacts of products or services throughout their life cycle. This study responds to the need expressed by the scientific community to develop and test LCSA methodology, by assessing the sustainability of a concentrated solar power (CSP) plant based on HYSOL technology (an innovative configuration delivering improved efficiency and power dispatchability). Methods The methodology proposed consists of three stages: goal and scope definition, modelling and application of tools, and interpretation of results. The goal of the case study was to investigate to what extent may the HYSOL technology improve the sustainability of power generation in the Spanish electricity sector. To this purpose, several sustainability sub-questions were framed and different analysis tools were applied as follows: attributional and consequential life cycle assessment, life cycle cost (LCC) analysis and multiregional input-output analysis (MRIO), and social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) in combination with social risk assessment (with the Social Hotspots Database). Visual diagrams representing the sustainability of the analysed scenarios were also produced to facilitate the interpretation of results and decision making. Results and discussion The results obtained in the three sustainability dimensions were integrated using a Bquestions and answers^ layout, each answer describing a specific element of sustainability. The HYSOL technology was investigated considering two different operation modes: HYSOL BIO with biomethane as hybridization fuel and HYSOL NG with natural gas. The results indicated that the deployment of HYSOL technology would produce a reduction in the climate change impact of the electricity sector for both operation modes. The LCC analysis indicated economic benefits per MWh for a HYSOL NG power plant, but losses for a HYSOL BIO power plant. The MRIO analysis indicated an increase in goods and services generation, and value added for the HYSOL technology affecting primarily Spain and to a lower extent other foreign economies. The social analysis indicated that both alternatives would provide a slight increase of social welfare Spain. Conclusions The methodological approach described in this investigation provided flexibility in the selection of objectives and analysis tools, which helped to quantify the sustainability effect of the system at a micro and meso level in the three sustainability dimensions. The results indicated that the innovation of HYSOL power plants is well aimed to improve the sustainability of CSP technology and the Spanish electricity sector.
关键词： Multiregional input-output (MRIO),Life cycle assessment (LCA),Concentrated solar power,Sustainability,Electricity generation,Social life cycle assessment (S-LCA),Life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA)
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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A Global Perspective for Sustainable Highway Tunnel Lighting Regulations: Greater Road Safety with a Lower Environmental Impact
摘要： Tunnel lighting installations function 24 h a day, 365 days a year. These infrastructures have increased exponentially and now connect quite distant locations, even on different continents. This has led European administrations and international regulatory bodies to establish regulations for tunnel safety with the lowest environmental impact. However, until now, these regulations have almost exclusively focused on traffic safety, and relegated sustainability to the background. Even though they recognize the need to reduce energy consumption, they do not propose any tools for doing so. Given the impact of these installations and the lack of a specific regulatory framework, Asian countries will soon be forced either to update previous standards for tunnel lighting or elaborate new ones. A better understanding of the weaknesses of European regulations combined with a willingness to embrace innovation could position Asia as a world leader in the regulation of more sustainable road tunnels. The objective of this research was to improve the sustainability of tunnel lighting installations through new regulations or amendments to existing ones, without impairing the mental well-being of users, who could potentially be affected by energy-saving measures. Accordingly, this paper presents and analyzes a broad proposal for formulating tunnel lighting regulations. The originality of this proposal lies in the fact that it integrates road safety, lower environmental impact, and user well-being. Furthermore, it is expected to broaden the perspective of regulatory bodies and public administrations with regard to tunnel installations, which would ultimately enhance their sustainability.
关键词： driver well-being,sustainability,public perception,tunnel safety,environmental impacts
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Evaluation of the reliability of solar micro-grids in emerging markets – Issues and solutions
摘要： One of the most important technical features of a power system is its ability to deliver electricity reliably to the customers. Based on interviews with 12 energy service companies (ESCO) currently operating solar micro-grids in northern rural India, this study identified important factors related to technical design, customer behaviour and operations and management (O&M) that may result in contingencies in service. In addition, the study presents companies' innovative solutions to overcome these problems. Initially, the interview method allowed only a rough qualitative comparison of different reliability levels as the availability of comparable data was limited. We found that a more descriptive method for reliability assessment would create equally valuable information on renewable off-grid energy projects. We propose a simple framework for assessing reliability that highlights the particular features of off-grid areas in developing countries.
关键词： Reliability,Micro-grid,Energy systems in developing countries,India,Technical sustainability,Reliability assessment
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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Photovoltaic panel cooling by atmospheric water sorptiona??evaporation cycle
摘要： More than 600 GW of photovoltaic panels are currently installed worldwide, with the predicted total capacity increasing very rapidly every year. One essential issue in photovoltaic conversion is the massive heat generation of photovoltaic panels under sunlight, which represents 75–96% of the total absorbed solar energy and thus greatly increases the temperature and decreases the energy efficiency and lifetime of photovoltaic panels. In this report we demonstrate a new and versatile photovoltaic panel cooling strategy that employs a sorption-based atmospheric water harvester as an effective cooling component. The atmospheric water harvester photovoltaic cooling system provides an average cooling power of 295 W m–2 and lowers the temperature of a photovoltaic panel by at least 10 °C under 1.0 kW m–2 solar irradiation in laboratory conditions. It delivered a 13–19% increase in electricity generation in a commercial photovoltaic panel in outdoor field tests conducted in the winter and summer in Saudi Arabia. The atmospheric water harvester based photovoltaic panel cooling strategy has little geographical constraint in terms of its application and has the potential to improve the electricity production of existing and future photovoltaic plants, which can be directly translated into less CO2 emission or less land occupation by photovoltaic panels. As solar power is taking centre stage in the global fight against climate change, atmospheric water harvester based cooling represents an important step toward sustainability.
关键词： atmospheric water harvester,cooling strategy,energy efficiency,sustainability,photovoltaic panels
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Fuzzy logic application in the evaluation of performance of a prototype vehicle powered from solar energy and water electrolysis process
摘要： The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the performance of a prototype vehicle that uses a reversible fuel cell capable of producing and storing hydrogen and oxygen by breaking the water molecule - the electrolysis process, made possible with the use of solar panels. The vehicle shown only uses two main sources of energy: solar and hydrogen cells, both clean and renewable energy sources. Water is the only residue generated. The Fuzzy Logic was used in the establishment of linguistic variables and on the composition of inference rules based on power, solar panel area and solar irradiation. The Fuzzy Logic provides a method of translating verbal, vague, imprecise and qualitative expressions, common in human communication in numeric values. This enables the conversion of the human experience in a way understandable by computers. Thus, the technology made possible by the fuzzy approach has a practical value. In view of the severe environmental degradation in which the planet is going through and the scarcity of energy sources, especially fossil fuels, one of the great challenges of the scientific community is to develop new technologies that use clean and renewable energy sources, that are economically viable and promote sustainable technologies and processes.
关键词： Renewable Energy,Fuzzy Logic,Automobile Industry,Sustainability
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Functionalized carbon dots on TiO2 for perovskite photovoltaics and stable photoanodes for water splitting
摘要： Various types of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles, often called carbon dots (CDs), are synthesized by different polycondensation methods: microwave irradiation, hydrothermal conditions or solution chemistry at ambient temperature with subsequent chemical functionalization. The CDs are deposited on TiO2 films to be probed as electron transport layers in perovskite photovoltaics and the anode for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Nitrogen CDs, which do not contain oxygen, lead to an increase of around 50 mV in the open circuit voltage of perovskite solar cells. All the CD types produce an improved photocurrent in water splitting, particularly CDs that are functionalized with thiol groups and butyl chains. It is demonstrated that the modified electrode is stable under continuous operation. Other electrochemical characteristics of the electrode, such as the voltammogram shape, onset potentials and open circuit potentials, remain nearly unchanged upon the deposition of CDs. Only the incident photon to current conversion efficiency improves clearly, extending the absorption range by around 20 nm towards longer wavelengths. This study provides new data about mechanisms and electrode arrangements for improving the performance of n-type semiconductors in photovoltaic cells and photoelectrochemical hydrogen production.
关键词： Sustainability,Titanium dioxide,Renewable hydrogen,Carbon nanoparticle,Solar energy
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Repeatability and Reproducibility of Measures of Bovine Methane Emissions Recorded using a Laser Detector
摘要： Methane (CH4) emissions represent a worldwide problem due to their direct involvement in atmospheric warming and climate change. Ruminants are among the major players in the global scenario of CH4 emissions, and CH4 emissions are a problem for feed e?ciency since enteric CH4 is eructed to the detriment of milk and meat production. The collection of CH4 phenotypes at the population level is still hampered by costly and time-demanding techniques. In the present study, a laser methane detector was used to assess repeatability and reproducibility of CH4 phenotypes, including mean and aggregate of CH4 records, slope of the linear equation modelling the aggregate function, and mean and number of CH4 peak records. Five repeated measurements were performed in a commercial farm on three Simmental heifers, and the same protocol was repeated over a period of three days. Methane emission phenotypes expressed as parts per million per linear meter (ppm × m) were not normally distributed and, thus, they were log-transformed to reach normality. Repeatability and reproducibility were calculated as the relative standard deviation of ?ve measurements within the same day and 15 measurements across three days, respectively. All phenotypes showed higher repeatability and reproducibility for log-transformed data compared with data expressed as ppm × m. The linear equation modelling the aggregate function highlighted a very high coe?cient of determination (≥0.99), which suggests that daily CH4 emissions might be derived using this approach. The number of CH4 peaks resulted as particularly diverse across animals and therefore it is a potential candidate to discriminate between high and low emitting animals. Results of this study suggest that laser methane detector is a promising tool to measure bovine CH4 emissions in ?eld conditions.
关键词： sustainability,e?ciency,environment,methane emission
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57