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Quinonoid Zwitterion: an Amphiphilic Cathode Interlayer with Initial Thickness-Insensitive and Self-Organizing Properties for Inverted Polymer Solar Cells
摘要： Orthogonal solvent processability is generally considered one of the key requirements for an efficient interfacial material. Here we showed that in inverted polymer solar cells (PSCs), solvent orthogonality is not required for an effective and reliable cathode interlayer. A quinonoid zwitterionic molecule with amphiphilic property (dissolved in both methanol and o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB)) named ZW-Bu was first applied as the cathode interlayer in the inverted PSCs. For three different photoactive systems, the devices with ZW-Bu CBL exhibited better performance than those with commonly used ZnO CBL. Most importantly, the device efficiency was fairly insensitive to the initial thickness of ZW-Bu. In addition, due to the high surface energy of ZW-Bu film, it was successfully used as self-organized CBL in P3HT:PC61BM system, yielding a desirable efficiency compared to the PSCs fabricated via layer-by-layer deposition method.
关键词： polymer solar cells,non-orthogonal solvent,self-organization,quinonoid zwitterion,initial thickness-insensitivity
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Thickness measurement of multilayer film stack in perovskite solar cell using spectroscopic ellipsometry
摘要： The rapid surge in perovskite solar cell efficiency has necessitated the development of viable metrology techniques during device integration, paving the way for commercialization. Ellipsometry is considered the most appropriate technique for fast and accurate thickness measurement for large scale production. However, a precise and well-calibrated model is a prerequisite for this technique. While ellipsometry of individual device layers has been reported in recent perovskite literature, a comprehensive multilayer modeling approach is thus far unavailable. Perovskite optoelectronic devices generally consist of a six-layer film stack with three transparent layers required for optical absorption in the perovskite layer. Spin casted thin films, now common in this line of research, impart their own difficulties into ellipsometric modeling. Roughnesses at each heterointerface, similarities in optical spectra of transparent layers, and anomalous dispersion of perovskite are just a few of such challenges. In this work, we report the process of building an ellipsometry model from scratch for thickness measurement of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPI) perovskite and indium tin oxide (ITO)/hole transport layer (HTL) bilayer thin film stacks on a glass substrate. Three promising representatives of HTLs (CuI, Cu2O, and PEDOT:PSS) were studied. The models were extended to measure the individual layer thicknesses of the MAPI/HTL/ITO film stack on a glass substrate using the models developed for individual layers. Optical constants of all the representative thin films were thus extracted for a wide wavelength range (300 nm–900 nm).
关键词： perovskite solar cell,spectroscopic ellipsometry,multilayer film stack,optical constants,thickness measurement
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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The effects of layer thickness and charge mobility on performance of FAI:MABr:PbI <sub/>2</sub> :PbBr <sub/>2</sub> perovskite solar cells: GPVDM simulation approach
摘要： The perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been extensively interested and its performance has rapidly increased up to 24.2 %. Layer thickness and charge mobility are crucial for high-performance perovskite solar cells. In this paper, we study the effect of layer thickness and charge mobilities on some parameters in perovskite solar cell based on structure of FTO/TiOx/SnO2/FAIMABrPbI2PbBr2/Spiro-OMeTAD/Ag by using the GPVDM (General- purpose Photovoltaic Device Model) software. The simulation results show that the best optimized power conversion efficiency of 23.88 % can be obtained. The optimal layer thickness in the simulation of TiOx, SnO2, FAIMABrPbI2PbBr2, Spiro-OMeTAD are 50 nm, 30 nm, 400 nm, 30 nm, respectively. The optimal electron and hole mobilities of photoactive layer are 2?10-5 m2V-1s-1and 2?10-6 m2V-1s-1, respectively. Comparative study of simulation and experiment are observed, that performance of 15.93 % of efficiency can be experimentally achieved, however the model of this solar cell is observed 18.43 % of efficiency by simulation.
关键词： layer thickness,GPVDM simulation,perovskite solar cells,power conversion efficiency,charge mobility
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Ablative fractional resurfacing with laser‐facilitated steroid delivery for burn scar management: Does the depth of laser penetration matter?
摘要： Background and Objective: To investigate whether the depth of ablative fractional CO2 laser (CO2‐AFL) penetration of pathological burn scars influences clinical outcomes. Study Design/Materials and Methods: All patients presenting to the Concord Repatriation General Hospital (CRGH) Scar Clinic received ultrasound measurement at the thickest point of their burn scars. Subsequently, the effect of various CO2‐AFL settings (energy which correlates to penetration depths) on different outcome parameters was analysed. Patients were divided into five groups depending on minimal scar penetration depth. Results: Seventy‐eight patients (158 scars) had complete data allowing for analysis. Median scar thickness was 3,400 μm and median laser scar penetration depth was 900 μm. Scar penetration categories were as follows: 0–25% (n = 40), 25–50% (n = 67), 50–75% (n = 31), 75–100% (n = 8), >100% (n = 3) of scar thickness. The median reduction in maximum scar thickness was 800 μm following one treatment (P < 0.001). However, this effect depended on scar penetration depth, whereby scars that were penetrated ≥75% showed no significant improvement in scar thickness and those penetrated >100% indicated a tendency to become worse. Other assessed outcome parameters included: the Vancouver Scar Scale, the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale, a neuropathic pain score (DN4 Pain Questionnaire), and a pruritus score (modified D4 Pruritus Score). All these factors showed significant improvement in the categories up to 75% scar penetration depth. Conclusions: CO2‐AFL scar penetration depth significantly influences subjective and objective pathologic burn scar modulation. The penetration depth of 51–75% achieves the greatest reduction in scar thickness.
关键词： ablative fractional CO2 laser,scar assessment scores,burn scars,scar thickness,depth of laser penetration
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Guideline for Optical Optimization of Planar Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： Organometallic halide perovskite solar cells have emerged as a versatile photovoltaic technology with soaring efficiencies. Planar configuration, in particular, has been a structure of choice thanks to its lower temperature processing, compatibility with tandem solar cells, and potential in commercialization. Despite all the breakthroughs in the field, the optical mechanisms leading to highly efficient perovskite solar cells lack profound insight. In this paper, a comprehensive guideline is introduced involving semianalytical equations for thickness optimization of the front and rear transport layers, perovskite, and transparent conductive oxides to improve the antireflection and light trapping properties, and therefore to maximize the photocurrent of perovskite solar cells. It is shown that a photocurrent enhancement above 2 mA cm?2 can be achieved by altering—reducing or increasing—the thicknesses of the layers constituting a CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPI) type perovskite solar cell. The proposed guideline is tested against experiments as well as previously published experimental and simulation results for MAPI. Additionally, the provided guideline for various types of perovskites can be extended to other direct bandgap absorber-based solar cells in superstrate configuration.
关键词： perovskite solar cells,light trapping,planar solar cells,antireflection,thickness optimization,optimization guideline,optical modeling
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Near-infrared polymer light-emitting diodes based on an inverted device structure
摘要： Near-infrared polymer light-emitting diodes (NIR-PLEDs) possess great potential in applications ranging from night-vision device to optical communications. Here we obtained NIR emission from normal red fluorescent polymers by using an inverted device structure with the aid of micro-cavity effects. By tuning the thickness of the emissive layer, the inverted NIR-PLED based on PPF-FSO15-DHTBT10 and MEH-PPV got a near-infrared emission with the main peak located at 700 nm and 706 nm, and the maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 0.54% and 1.03%, respectively. The increase of emissive layer thickness caused the relative variation of recombination area, which led to the widely controlling of EL spectra in the inverted device. These results reveal that tuning EL spectrum utilized by inverted device structure would be a promising method to realize near-infrared emission.
关键词： emissive layer thickness,micro-cavity effects,inverted device structure,Near-infrared polymer light-emitting diodes,external quantum efficiency
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Two-state lasing at room temperature in InAs/InP quantum dots
摘要： The two-state lasing conditions at room temperature in InAs/InP quantum dot (QD) lasers under a continuous wave electrical bias current are studied. It is found that excited state (ES) lasing is promoted by moderately decreasing spacer thickness and increasing dot-size dispersion in a QD stack, and the physical origins are due to the increased bottleneck effect and inhomogeneous broadening. Moreover, it is proved theoretically that ground state (GS) lasing with high inhomogeneous broadening may result in high phase and intensity noise at a high bias current. Therefore, an appropriate spacer thickness together with appropriate inhomogeneous broadening is critical to the GS and/or ES lasing, which helps an optimal design of laser geometry.
关键词： two-state lasing,spacer thickness,room temperature,InAs/InP quantum dots,inhomogeneous broadening,dot-size dispersion,intensity noise,continuous wave electrical bias,bottleneck effect,phase noise
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Self-doping small molecular conjugated electrolytes enabled by n-type side chains for highly efficient non-fullerene polymer solar cells
摘要： We developed a series of novel small molecular conjugated electrolytes (SMCEs) via side chain engineering. The introduced n-type 1,3,4-thiadiazole/1,3,4-oxadiazole side chains featured the related SMCEs with self-doping nature and high electron conductive property. On using as cathode interlayers in non-fullerene-polymer solar cells, a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of up to 13.21% was achieved with an excellent thickness-insensitive property.
关键词： thickness-insensitive property,side chain engineering,power conversion efficiency,non-fullerene polymer solar cells,small molecular conjugated electrolytes
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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[IEEE 2019 26th International Workshop on Active-Matrix Flatpanel Displays and Devices (AM-FPD) - Kyoto, Japan (2019.7.2-2019.7.5)] 2019 26th International Workshop on Active-Matrix Flatpanel Displays and Devices (AM-FPD) - Influence of molybdenum oxide thickness, electronic structure, and work function on the performance of hole selective silicon heterojunction solar cells
摘要： Ultra-thin MoOx is capable of exhibiting high work function (< 6 eV), large band gaps (< 3 eV) are benefiting for surface passivation and hole selectivity layer in silicon solar cells instead of the doped layers due to high parasitic absorption. Importantly, MoOx electronic structure by oxygen dilution during the evaporation have influence to the MoOx work function and hence reduce hole injection. XPS study confirmed the electronic structure and chemical composition of the evaporated and annealed (Ar and O2 atmosphere) MoOx sample. TEM showed a clear interface contact between the ITO/MoOx/a-SiH(i) layers and no diffusion between the layers after annealed at 140 oC. Fabricated 10 nm thick MoOx/n-Si solar cells archived an efficiency of 20.04%, FF of 73.79 % and Jsc of 38.40 mA/cm2. A sever degradation in FF and Jsc was noticed by increasing the MoOx thickness due to diffusion of layers and high parasitic absorption of MoOx.
关键词： work function,silicon heterojunction solar cells,thickness,MoOx,electronic structure
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Association between Visual Acuity and Retinal Layer Metrics in Diabetics with and without Macular Edema
摘要： Purpose. Diabetes is known to cause alterations in retinal microvasculature and tissue that progressively lead to visual impairment. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is useful for assessment of total retinal thickening due to diabetic macular edema (DME). In the current study, we determined associations between visual acuity (VA) and retinal layer thickness, reflectance, and interface disruption derived from enface OCT images in subjects with and without DME. Materials and Methods. Best corrected VA was measured and high-density OCT volume scans were acquired in 149 diabetic subjects. A previously established image segmentation method identified retinal layer interfaces and locations of visually indiscernible (disrupted) interfaces. Enface thickness maps and reflectance images of the nerve fiber layer (NFL), combined ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer (GCLIPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), outer nuclear layer (ONL), photoreceptor outer segment layer (OSL), and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) were generated in the central macular subfield. The associations among VA and retinal layer metrics were determined by multivariate linear regressions after adjusting for covariates (age, sex, race, HbA1c, diabetes type, and duration) and correcting for multiple comparisons. Results. In DME subjects, increased GCLIPL and OPL thickness and decreased OSL thickness were associated with reduced VA. Furthermore, increased NFL reflectance and decreased OSL reflectance were associated with reduced VA. Additionally, increased areas of INL and ONL interface disruptions were associated with reduced VA. In subjects without DME, increased INL thickness was associated with reduced VA, whereas in subjects without DME but with previous antivascular endothelium growth factor treatment, thickening of OPL was associated with reduced VA. Conclusions. Alterations in retinal layer thickness and reflectance metrics derived from enface OCT images were associated with reduced VA with and without presence of DME, suggestive of their potential for monitoring development, progression, and treatment of DME.
关键词： retinal layer reflectance,visual acuity,retinal layer thickness,optical coherence tomography,diabetic macular edema,interface disruption
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04