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Enhanced solar cell performance of P3HT:PCBM by SnS nanoparticles
摘要： In this research, un- and zinc (Zn)-doped tin sulfide (SnS) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by ultrasound method and added to the active layer of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT: PCBM/Al polymer solar cells (PSCs). The structural, optical, and electrical properties due to the influence of NPs on solar cell performance were investigated. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the NPs indicates the formation of orthorhombic polycrystalline SnS. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images show spherical particles with size less than 100 nm for un- and Zn-doped SnS samples. Optical analysis of the cells shows a decrease in the band gap due to the presence of un- and Zn-doped SnS NPs. Photovoltaic characterization of the samples shows that by adding NPs to the polymer film, the device performance improves significantly compared to the absence of NPs. The presence of NPs with different concentrations and structural defects affects the electro-optical properties of the samples.
关键词： P3HT:PCBM,Polymer solar cells,Tin sulfide nanoparticles,Physical properties
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Q-switched mode-locked Nd:GGG waveguide laser with tin disulfide as saturable absorber
摘要： We demonstrate a Q-switched mode-locked waveguide laser operation with high fundamental repetition rate based on the few-layer tin disulfide (SnS2) as a saturable absorber. The excellent nonlinear optical property of SnS2 enables efficient pulsed laser generation. By using Nd:GGG ridge waveguide, the fundamental repetition rate up to 17.9 GHz has been achieved for the mode-locked pulses with duration as short as 30 ps. In addition, this Nd:GGG-based waveguide laser exhibits excellent lasing properties (maximum output power of 115 mW at 1064 nm) by modulation of SnS2, suggesting promising application as miniature ultrafast light sources.
关键词： Waveguide lasers,Tin disulfide (SnS2),Nd:GGG crystal,Q-switched mode-locked laser
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Ultra-high open-circuit voltage of tin perovskite solar cells via an electron transporting layer design
摘要： Tin perovskite is rising as a promising candidate to address the toxicity and theoretical efficiency limitation of lead perovskite. However, the voltage and efficiency of tin perovskite solar cells are much lower than lead counterparts. Herein, indene-C60 bisadduct with higher energy level is utilized as an electron transporting material for tin perovskite solar cells. It suppresses carrier concentration increase caused by remote doping, which significantly reduces interface carriers recombination. Moreover, indene-C60 bisadduct increases the maximum attainable photovoltage of the device. As a result, the use of indene-C60 bisadduct brings unprecedentedly high voltage of 0.94 V, which is over 50% higher than that of 0.6 V for device based on [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester. The device shows a record power conversion efficiency of 12.4% reproduced in an accredited independent photovoltaic testing lab.
关键词： open-circuit voltage,tin perovskite,indene-C60 bisadduct,solar cells,electron transporting layer
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Microstructure and microhardness of a novel TiZrAlV alloy by laser gas nitriding at different laser powers
摘要： The Ti–20Zr–6.5Al–4V (T20Z, wt%) alloy surface was treated by the process of laser surface nitriding. The evolution of microstructures and microhardness has been investigated by changing the laser power parameter from 120 to 240 W. All laser-treated T20Z samples show two regions with distinctly different microstructural features, as compared with the untreated substrate: dense TiN dendrites and (a ? b) - Ti (remelting zone, RMZ), nanoscale a laths doped with part of b phase (heat-affected zone, HAZ). The formation of TiN dendrites can be analyzed by a series of complex reactions during the process of melting and solidi?cation. The increase in laser power results in the increase in content of TiN dendrite which is mainly due to the increase in energy input. In HAZ, the self-quenching effect leads to the formation of nanoscale a laths and the residue of b phase. Microhardness pro?le of different regions was measured from the surface to the interior, and the highest microhardness was obtained (* HV 916.8) in the RMZ, as the laser power was set to 240 W. In the present study, we explained various microstructural characteristics induced by laser surface nitriding treatment.
关键词： TiZrAlV alloy,TiN dendrites,Microstructure,Laser surface nitriding,Microhardness
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Epsilon-near-zero response in indium tin oxide thin films: Octave span tuning and IR plasmonics
摘要： Epsilon near zero (ENZ) materials exhibit strongly confined optical modes and plasmonic response around and beyond the ENZ wavelength (λENZ). In order to exploit the novel properties of ENZ materials for real-world applications, it is important to develop material platforms that offer continuous tuning of λENZ from 1280 nm to 2900 nm in commercially available thin films of indium tin oxide (ITO), employing a low temperature annealing protocol. Electrical, spectroscopic, and optical measurements establish the physical basis of the observed tunability in free electron density by over an order of magnitude and quantify the real and imaginary components of the refractive index for ITO thin films. Excitation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in the metallic regime of ITO probes its infrared plasmonic response demonstrating continuous tunability of SPP frequency and crossover to the tunable ENZ plasmon mode in ultrathin films. Finally, dispersion tuning of optical fiber modes by optical coupling with a tunable λENZ platform is demonstrated by investigating modal interference in a tapered silica fiber in contact with various custom tuned ITO films.
关键词： plasmonics,tuning,optical properties,Epsilon near zero,indium tin oxide
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Reviving Neara??Infrared Emission for Sna??Pb Alloyed Perovskite Quantum Dots by Sodium Doping
摘要： Phase-stable CsSnxPb1-xI3 perovskite quantum dots (QDs) hold great promise for optoelectronic applications owing to their strong response in the near-infrared region. Unfortunately, optimal utilization of their potential is limited by severe photoluminescence (PL) quenching, leading to extremely low quantum yields (QYs) of ~0.3%. Ultra-low sodium (Na) doping presented in this work is found to be effective in improving PL QYs of these alloyed QDs without alerting their favorable electronic structure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies suggest the formation of a stronger chemical interaction between I- and Sn2+ ions upon Na doping, which potentially helps to stabilize Sn2+ and suppresses the formation of I vacancy defects. The optimized PL QY of the Na-doped QDs reaches up to ~28%, almost two orders of magnitude enhancement compared with the pristine one.
关键词： doping,near-infrared emission,nanoparticles,tin-lead perovskite
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Calculation of the extreme-ultraviolet radiation conversion efficiency for a laser-produced tin plasma source
摘要： This article presents the calculation results on the conversion efficiency (CE) of 1.064 μm laser-produced plasmas (LPPs) extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) tin (Sn) light sources with the Gaussian and a triangular-flat-topped like laser pulse temporal shapes. The computational model includes a collisional-radiative model and 1D hydrodynamics code that predicts reported experimental and theoretical results on the CE of 1.064 μm and 10.6 μm LPP EUV sources with the planar and mass-limited spherical Sn targets. The calculations for the case of a spherical target reveal that an optimum triangular-flat-topped like laser pulse generates a higher CE compared to the Gaussian pulse, especially, for the longer laser pulse duration than ~30 ns. The study demonstrated that a rising intensity rate of the laser pulse has a vital role to optimize the CE as well as to prolong the in-band (13.5 ± 0.135 nm) spectral emission of a small Sn spherical target. The model predicts a ~30 ns rising time duration for a linearly increasing intensity of triangular-flat-topped 1.064 μm laser pulse is necessary to obtain a maximum CE with a typical ~40 μm diameter liquid Sn droplet.
关键词： Extreme-ultraviolet lithography,Collisional-radiative model,Laser-produced plasmas,Radiation-hydrodynamics,Highly-charged tin spectra
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Effect of working pressure on the properties of RF sputtered SnS thin films and photovoltaic performance of SnS-based solar cells
摘要： Tin sulfide (SnS) thin films were deposited with a single SnS target by radio frequency magnetron sputtering while varying the working pressure (0.6 Pa to 2.6 Pa), and the structural, chemical, electricelectrical and optical properties of the SnS thin films were investigated. X-ray diffraction results showed that all the SnS thin films had a (111) plane preferred growth orientation, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy verified that a SnS thin film was grown with an orthorhombic crystal structure, having the binding energy of 324.5 eV. Due to a long wavelength shift in the transmittance spectrum, the optical band gap decreased from 1.56 eV to 1.47 eV. A SnS-based conventional structure solar cell (Al/ITO/i-ZnO/CdS/SnS/Mo/SLG), prepared with a SnS absorption layer and deposited at a working pressure of 2.0 Pa, achieves the highest power conversion efficiency of 0.58%. It is confirmed that this result reveal to very high efficiency compared to other reports with conventional structure.
关键词： thin films,Tin sulfide,radio frequency magnetron sputtering,single target,SnS based solar cells,working pressure
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Comparative Intrinsic Thermal and Photochemical Stability of Sn(II) Complex Halides as Next Generation Materials for Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： Here we present a systematic study of the thermal and photochemical degradation pathways for a series of complex tin-based halides ASnX3 (X=I, Br) with organic (CH3NH3+, H2NCHNH2+) and inorganic (Cs+) univalent A-site cations. Thin films of tin-based perovskites were exposed to continuous light soaking and/or thermal annealing in the dark under inert atmosphere, which simulate pragmatic anoxic operation conditions of solar cells with the absorber layer isolated from the (re)action of oxygen and moisture by appropriate encapsulation. Using a set of complementary techniques such as optical spectroscopy, AFM microscopy, XRD and XPS we have elucidated that hybrid tin halide perovskites undergo rapid thermal and light-induced degradation with a complete elimination of organic cations and the formation of some volatile decomposition products and Sn(IV) halide species. On the contrary, all-inorganic compositions comprising CsSnBr3 and, particularly, CsSnI3 showed much superior thermal and photochemical stability with respect to both light and elevated temperatures. Unfortunately, all investigated complex tin halides suffer from heat- and light-induced Sn(II) disproportionation with the formation of Sn(IV) species and, presumably, metallic Sn0. This facile disproportionation and chemical degradation pathway reduces dramatically the intrinsic stability of Sn(II) complex halides and limits their potential for practical application. While this problem can be addressed using additional stabilizing additives and crystal lattice engineering approaches, the analysis of the comprehensive sets of our results solidifies further rational design approaches for development of lead-free absorbers for inorganic perovskite-based solar cells with enhanced stability for efficient and durable PV systems.
关键词： photochemical stability,perovskite solar cells,tin-based halides,Sn(II) disproportionation,thermal stability
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Easy-handling minimum mass laser target scaffold based on sub-millimeter air bubble -An example of laser plasma extreme ultraviolet generation-
摘要： Low density materials can control plasma properties of laser absorption, which can enhance quantum beam generation. The recent practical extreme ultraviolet light (EUV) is the first industrial example of laser plasma source with low density targets. Here we propose an easy-handling target source based on a hollow sub-millimeter microcapsule fabricated from polyelectrolyte cationic and anionic surfactant on air bubbles. The lightweight microcapsules acted as a scaffold for surface coating by tin (IV) oxide nanoparticles (22–48%), and then dried. As a proof of concept study, the microcapsules were ablated with a Nd:YAG laser (7.1 × 1010 W/cm2, 1 ns) to generate 13.5 nm EUV relatively directed to laser incidence. The laser conversion efficiency (CE) at 13.5 nm 2% bandwidth from the tin-coated microcapsule (0.8%) was competitive compared with bulk tin (1%). We propose that microcapsule aggregates could be utilized as a potential small scale/compact EUV source, and future quantum beam sources by changing the coating to other elements.
关键词： extreme ultraviolet light,tin oxide nanoparticles,Nd:YAG laser,microcapsule,low density materials,laser plasma
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59