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Macrophage uptake switches on OCT contrast of superparamagnetic nanoparticles for imaging of atherosclerotic plaques
摘要： Background: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an intravascular, high-resolution imaging technique that is used to characterize atherosclerotic plaques. However, the identification of macrophages as important markers of inflammation and plaque vulnerability remains difficult. Here, we investigate whether the uptake of very small iron oxide particles (VSOP) in macrophages, that cluster in phagolysosomes and allow high-quality magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of atherosclerotic plaques, and uptake of ferumoxytol nanoparticles enhance detection of macrophages by OCT. Materials and methods: RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were incubated with VSOP (1 and 2 mM Fe) that have been clinically tested and ferumoxytol (8.9 mM Fe) that is approved for iron deficiency treatment and currently investigated as an MRI contrast agent. The light scattering of control macrophages, nanoparticle-labeled macrophages (2,000,000 in 500 μL) and nanoparticle suspensions was measured in synchronous wavelength scan mode using a fluorescence spectrophotometer. For OCT analyses, pellets of 8,000,000 non-labeled, VSOP-labeled and ferumoxytol-labeled RAW 264.7 macrophages were imaged and analyzed on an OPTIS? OCT imaging system. Results: Incubation with 1 and 2 mM VSOP resulted in uptake of 7.1±1.5 and 12±1.5 pg Fe per cell, which increased the backscattering of the macrophages in spectrophotometry 2.5- and 3.6-fold, whereas incubation with 8.9 mM Fe ferumoxytol resulted in uptake of 6.6±2 pg Fe per cell, which increased the backscattering 1.5-fold at 700 nm. In contrast, backscattering of non-clustered nanoparticles in suspension was negligible. Accordingly, OCT imaging could visualize significantly increased backscattering and signal attenuation of nanoparticle-labeled macrophages in comparison with controls. Conclusion: We conclude that VSOP and, to a lesser extent, ferumoxytol increase light scattering and attenuation when taken up by macrophages and can serve as a multimodal imaging probe for MRI and OCT to improve macrophage detection in atherosclerotic plaques by OCT in the future.
关键词： intravascular,magnetic resonance imaging,multimodal imaging,optical coherence tomography,vulnerability,inflammation
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Analysis of vulnerability propagation for the all-optical network based on Bio-PEPA
摘要： Aiming at the vulnerability propagation of all-optical networks, combining with the characteristics of the all-optical network, a formal modeling and analysis method for vulnerability propagation based on Bio-PEPA is proposed in this paper. First of all, the main characteristics that influence the vulnerability propagation are analyzed. Then, the optical fibers, optical amplifiers and optical switches are abstract into three different clusters, and the propagation behavior of vulnerability in intra-cluster and inter-cluster are described accurately. In addition, Ordinary Differential Equations is used for model parsing. Finally, through testing the main factors of vulnerability propagation, such as the number of nodes with potential vulnerability, system detection and repair rate, it is shown that the model constructed in this paper can reflect the vulnerability propagation trend of all-optical networks reasonably. At the same time, the proposed method can avoid the state space explosion problem of traditional modeling methods.
关键词： Bio-PEPA,Formal modeling,All-optical network,Vulnerability propagation
更新于2025-09-19 17:15:36
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[EcoProduction] Biotechnology Products in Everyday Life || Performance Evaluation of Solar Energy-Based Distillation System for Groundwater Purification: A Green Concept for Rural Development of Indian Villages
摘要： Globally, increasing water pollution and lack of safe drinking water has raised an alarming situation. There are breaching water treatment systems which are increasing the rate of mortality by severely affecting the health and severe health effects due to lack of potable water. This guides us to develop and initiate sustainable solutions for both urban and rural communities. A common solution for many water-related key issues like an assurance to its availability, its reliability, and purity can be dealt with the development of low-tech systems which re?ect and promote long-term sustainable solutions. The following chapter discusses a process that harnesses the solar energy for the removal of arsenic contamination in water, followed by phytoremediation to treat the generated waste to meet the disposal requirements. The chapter also throws light on alternative solutions relying on solar energy for rural development, with economic evaluation to address the vulnerability of residents in context to the changing environment, climate change, and groundwater pollution, etc. The chapter opens new roads of environmental sciences taking the lead for agricultural biotechnological problems of groundwater contamination.
关键词： Rural development,Public health,Solar energy,Groundwater pollution,Climate change and vulnerability,Remediation
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Remote Sensing-Based Proxies for Urban Disaster Risk Management and Resilience: A Review
摘要： Rapid increase in population and growing concentration of capital in urban areas has escalated both the severity and longer-term impact of natural disasters. As a result, Disaster Risk Management (DRM) and reduction have been gaining increasing importance for urban areas. Remote sensing plays a key role in providing information for urban DRM analysis due to its agile data acquisition, synoptic perspective, growing range of data types, and instrument sophistication, as well as low cost. As a consequence numerous methods have been developed to extract information for various phases of DRM analysis. However, given the diverse information needs, only few of the parameters of interest are extracted directly, while the majority have to be elicited indirectly using proxies. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the proxies developed for two risk elements typically associated with pre-disaster situations (vulnerability and resilience), and two post-disaster elements (damage and recovery), while focusing on urban DRM. The proxies were reviewed in the context of four main environments and their corresponding sub-categories: built-up (buildings, transport, and others), economic (macro, regional and urban economics, and logistics), social (services and infrastructures, and socio-economic status), and natural. All environments and the corresponding proxies are discussed and analyzed in terms of their reliability and sufficiency in comprehensively addressing the selected DRM assessments. We highlight strength and identify gaps and limitations in current proxies, including inconsistencies in terminology for indirect measurements. We present a systematic overview for each group of the reviewed proxies that could simplify cross-fertilization across different DRM domains and may assist the further development of methods. While systemizing examples from the wider remote sensing domain and insights from social and economic sciences, we suggest a direction for developing new proxies, also potentially suitable for capturing functional recovery.
关键词： damage,urban DRM,vulnerability,proxy,indirect measurement,social,resilience,remote sensing,recovery,economic
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46