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Scalable Synthesis of Naphthothiophene and Benzodithiophene Scaffolds as π-Conjugated Synthons for Organic Materials
摘要： The synthesis on a gram-scale and the full characterization of naphtho[1,2-b]thiophene and benzo[1,2-b:6,5-b']dithiophene 4-carboxylate esters bearing 2-octyldodecyl side chains, and their stannylated and brominated derivatives, suitable for their insertion into π-conjugated polymers is described. The fully soluble and processable synthons are obtained through a cascade sequence of reactions, namely direct arylation and cross aldol condensation, which create an effective pathway for the annulation and π-extension of suitable, commercially available reagents. The newly reported synthesis are compared, whenever possible, using ‘green chemistry metrics’ with literature synthesis, showing dramatic improvements.
关键词： cross aldol condensation,annulation,heterocycles,organic materials,direct arylation
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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A micro-scale plasma spectrometer for space and plasma edge applications (invited)
摘要： A plasma spectrometer design based on advances in lithography and microchip stacking technologies is described. A series of curved plate energy analyzers, with an integrated collimator, is etched into a silicon wafer. Tests of spectrometer elements, the energy analyzer and collimator, were performed with a 5 keV electron beam. The measured collimator transmission and energy selectivity were in good agreement with design targets. A single wafer element could be used as a plasma processing or fusion first wall diagnostic.
关键词： electron beam,microchip stacking,silicon wafer,plasma processing,fusion first wall diagnostic,lithography,plasma spectrometer,collimator,energy analyzer
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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A comprehensive competitive endogenous RNA network pinpoints key molecules in diabetic retinopathy
摘要： Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a severe microvascular complication of diabetes and the primary cause of vision loss in diabetic patients. Previous research has revealed that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of DR. However, the roles of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA interactions in DR are poorly understood. In the present study, we aimed to compute a global triple network of competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) in order to pinpoint essential molecules. We found that there were 802 nodes (121 lncRNA nodes, 17 miRNA nodes, and 664 mRNA nodes) and 949 edges in the ceRNA network. Further functional analysis suggested that some molecules were specifically related to DR. Surprisingly, these molecules were involved in visual perception, eye development, and lens development in camera-type eye. In summary, our study highlighted specific lncRNAs and miRNAs related to the pathogenesis of DR, which might be used as potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for DR.
关键词： lncRNA,diabetic retinopathy,ceRNA,miRNA
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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An upgraded interferometer-polarimeter system for broadband fluctuation measurements
摘要： Measuring high-frequency fluctuations (above tearing mode frequencies) is important for diagnosing instabilities and transport phenomena. The Madison Symmetric Torus interferometer-polarimeter system has been upgraded to utilize improved planar-diode mixer technology. The new mixers reduce phase noise and allow more sensitive measurements of fluctuations at high frequency. Typical polarimeter rms phase noise values of 0.05°–0.07° are obtained with 400 kHz bandwidth. The low phase noise enables the resolution of fluctuations up to 250 kHz for polarimetry and 600 kHz for interferometry. The importance of probe beam alignment for polarimetry is also verified; previously reported tolerances of ≤0.1 mm displacement for equilibrium and tearing mode measurements minimize contamination due to spatial misalignment to within acceptable levels for chords near the magnetic axis.
关键词： Faraday rotation,interferometer-polarimeter,planar-diode mixer,broadband fluctuation measurements,phase noise
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Surface-Plasmon Assisted Transmission Through an Ultrasmall Nanohole of ~ 10 nm with a Bull’s Eye Groove
摘要： We simulate the light transmission through an extremely small nanoscale aperture having a 10 nm diameter punctured in a metal ?lm positioned at the center of a plasmonic bull’s eye grating. A considerable directive emission of transmitted light with a divergence angle of 5.7 degrees was observed at 10 μm from the nanohole opening at the frequency of surface plasmon polariton excitation, an con?rmed by measuring the distance dependent transmission amplitude. Observations of the electric ?eld in cross-sectional, near-?eld, and far-?eld views near-?eld enhancement associated with the surface plasmon excitation, and the interference of the electric ?eld light through the nanohole in the near-?eld region is responsible for such a considerable directive emission.
关键词： Plasmons on surface and interface,Optical di?raction,Optical properties of nanostructures
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Lack of correlation between C-V hysteresis and capacitance frequency dispersion in accumulation of metal gate/high- <i>k</i> /n-InGaAs metal-oxide-semiconductor stacks
摘要： The correlation between capacitance-voltage hysteresis and accumulation capacitance frequency dispersion of metal gate/high-k/n-InGaAs metal-oxide-semiconductor stacks is experimentally assessed. Samples fabricated employing forming gas annealing (FGA) or substrate air exposure to obtain different densities of defects were thoroughly characterized and the results were compared with previous literature on the topic. Results indicate a lack of correlation between capacitance-voltage hysteresis and accumulation capacitance dispersion with frequency, suggesting that defects with remarkably different kinetics are involved in each phenomenon. This is assessed through the dependence of the capacitance-voltage hysteresis with DC bias and stress time, observing that permanent interface defect depassivation under bias has no effect on the hysteresis width after stress. Overall, capacitance-voltage hysteresis probes slow trapping mechanisms throughout the oxide and the bandgap, which are consistent with the negative charge trapping characteristic of the current-time curves for FGA samples at constant voltage stress. Instead, accumulation capacitance frequency dispersion probes defects with short trapping/detrapping characteristic times that can be linked to the stress induced leakage current of air exposed samples under constant DC stress. Experimental results indicate that each effect must be assessed separately due to the large difference in the kinetics of the probed defects.
关键词： metal-oxide-semiconductor stacks,forming gas annealing,defects,metal gate/high-k/n-InGaAs,trapping mechanisms,capacitance-voltage hysteresis,accumulation capacitance frequency dispersion
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Development of the Full Package of Gyrotron Simulation Code
摘要： A complete code-package for gyrotron simulation to analyze its performance is under development in UNIST, Korea. We first time report the present status of the code-package named as UNIST Gyrotron Design Tool (UGDT). It can perform design simulations for gyrotron’s interaction cavity, RF window, and the essential mode calculations including the study of mode competition. We will discuss about its salient features, theory, numerical implementation, and its calculation result for 95 GHz UNIST Gyrotron. Moreover, we will validate its capability to perform the mode competition calculation for fundamental and second harmonic modes.
关键词： Harmonic operation,Mode competition,Gyrotron design code,Gyrotron
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Forward projection matrix derivation through Monte-Carlo ray-tracing of KSTAR infra-red imaging video bolometer (IRVB)
摘要： The infrared imaging video bolometer (IRVB) as a foil bolometry technique can be an alternative solution to the conventional resistive bolometer due to its electro-magnetic immunity and 2D plasma profiles. The plasma profile of the IRVB cannot be directly derived from the foil images due to the difference between the foil pixel number and the plasma pixel number and the line integrated nature of the incident rays on the foil. So, it needs tomography such as the Phillips-Thikhonov algorithm. The projection matrix constructing the foil image from the plasma very directly influences the tomography. So, the projection matrix needs to be constructed precisely. For the technique calculating the precise projection matrix, a forward Monte-Carlo ray-tracing method is proposed here, and this technique can provide the detailed descriptions of the foil image. And it can give enhanced performance in the reconstructions of the plasmas with spatially localized power.
关键词： infrared imaging video bolometer,projection matrix,IRVB,foil bolometry,Monte-Carlo ray-tracing,plasma profile reconstruction
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Improving Interferometry Instrumentation by Mixing Stereoscopy for 2π Ambiguity Solving
摘要： Phase measurements obtained by high-coherence interferometry are restricted by the 2π ambiguity to height differences smaller than λ/2. A further restriction considers linear and nonlinear aberrations evolving in most interferometric systems due to the CCD-type array detectors. The authors present a new method to overcome the 2π ambiguity in interferometry when using a stereoscopic approach. In this method, a reconstructed wavefront reflected from an object was propagated into two different angles to obtain two different images of the object. These two different images were subsequently processed by stereo algorithms to resolve the 2π ambiguity. Such a method of wavefront propagation may enable several applications such as focusing and resolving the 2π ambiguity, as described in the article.
关键词： Wavefront Propagation,Stereoscopy,2π Ambiguity,Coupling Techniques,Interferometric Measurements
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Influence of Different Photoinitiators on Polymerization Kinetics and Marginal Microleakage in Restorations using Photopolymerizable Dental Composites
摘要： Objective: To evaluate the influence of four different photoinitiators on the polymerization kinetics and marginal microleakage in class V restorations using photopolymerizable dental composites. Material and Methods: Four photopolymerizable dental composites based on Bis-GMA (14.5 wt %), UDMA (6.5 wt %) and silanized filler particles (79 wt %) containing different photoinitiators were formulated. Camphorquinone (CQ)/amine, phenyl-propanedione (PPD), monoacylphosphine oxide (Lucirin? TPO) and bisacylphosphine oxide (Irgacure? 819) were used as photoinitiators. Sixteen intact human third molars were selected and divided into four groups. All teeth received class V cavity preparations in their buccal and lingual surfaces and were submitted to a dye leakage test. Data were independently analyzed for both enamel and dentin, and the results were assessed by a Kruskal-Walis test. The polymerization reactions of the four composites were evaluated by differential scanning calorimeter coupled with photocalorimeter accessory. Results: Lucirin? TPO presented the highest scores for microleakage in enamel, whereas the other photoinitiators have not demonstrated statistical differences. The lowest scores were obtained for PPD in dentin while the highest scores have been achieved by Irgacure? 819 and Lucirin? TPO. Photocalorimetric measurements demonstrated a correlation between polymerization reaction rate and marginal leakage, showing that faster reactions cause greater marginal leakage. Conclusion: Marginal microleakage scores in photopolymerizable dental composites can be greatly influenced by different types of photoinitiators through their distinct reaction rates.
关键词： Dental Leakage,Photoinitiators, Dental,Composite Resins
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14