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Fabrication of new metal-free materials for the hydrogen evolution reaction on base of the acridine derivatives immobilized on carbon materials
摘要： The process of adsorption on carbon material (Vulcan XC-72 (VU)) of organic heterocyclic compounds: acridine (I) and its derivatives 9-phenylacridine (II) and N-methyl-9-phenylacridium iodide (III) was studied in detail. Quantitative data on physical adsorption were obtained for all compounds. Based on the adsorption isotherms of Langmuir, the adsorption equilibrium constants K, the parameter A∞ and ΔG0 ad were calculated. It has been shown that the adsorption of compounds I and II is a structurally dependent process that depends on the nature and size of the functional substituents in the molecule, and the adsorption of compound III has a complex mechanism and partially proceeds through the stabilization stage by the functional groups present on the surface (-COOH, -COH, -OH). With the use of quantum chemical calculations, it has been established that the process of adsorption of compounds on the surface of a carbon materials having sections with a graphite-like structure is thermodynamically unprofitable because of the high difference in the energies of the adsorbent's boundary orbitals and the substrate. Using the cyclic voltammetry method, the electrochemical properties of organic compounds immobilized on the surface of a carbon material were studied.
关键词： Electocatalysis,Acridine derivatives,Immobilization,Adsorption,Carbon materials,Hydrogen evolution reaction
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Flow cytometric analysis of Xenopus laevis and X. tropicalis blood cells using acridine orange
摘要： Automated blood cell counters can distinguish cells based on their size and the presence or absence of a nucleus. However, most vertebrates have nucleated blood cells that cannot be counted automatically. We established an alternative automatic method for counting peripheral blood cells by staining cells with the fluorescent dye acridine orange (AO) and analysing cell populations using flow cytometry (FCM). As promising new animal models, we chose Xenopus laevis and three inbred strains of X. tropicalis. We compared the haematological phenotypes, including blood cell types, cell sizes, cellular structure, and erythrocyte lifespans/turnover rate among X. laevis and the three inbred strains of X. tropicalis. Each cell type from X. laevis was sorted according to six parameters: forward- and side-scattered light emission, AO red and green fluorescence intensity, and cellular red and green fluorescence. Remarkably, the erythrocyte count was the highest in the Golden line, suggesting that genetic factors were associated with the blood cells. Furthermore, immature erythrocytes in anaemic X. laevis could be separated from normal blood cells based on red fluorescence intensity. These results show that FCM with AO staining allows for an accurate analysis of peripheral blood cells from various species.
关键词： X. tropicalis,flow cytometry,acridine orange,blood cells,Xenopus laevis
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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Macrocycle encapsulation triggered supramolecular pKa shift: A fluorescence indicator for detecting octreotide in aqueous solution
摘要： Supramolecular pKa shifts, have attracted much attention in catalytic and biomimetic studies because of their excellent property to modify the acidity or basicity of the substrate in aqueous media by host-guest inclusion. Here, Fluorescence indicator displacement based on cucurbit[8]uril encapsulation of the dye acridine leads to the recognition of the peptide drug octreotide in aqueous solution via distinctive pH signals was expolited. This is thought to be a result of competitive host-guest interactions involving a supramolecular pKa shift.
关键词： Supramolecular pKa shift,Drug octreotide,Cucurbit[8]uril,Fluorescence indicator displacement,Acridine
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Subcellular chemical imaging of structurally similar acridine drugs by near-field laser desorption/laser postionization mass spectrometry
摘要： Insights into the pharmacologic effect on cellular processes and the potential toxicological effects are vital to new drug development and evaluation, yet research on these subjects remains a great challenge due to the lack of information regarding the spatiotemporal distribution of drugs and metabolites within a single cell. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has proven to be a label-free and high-throughput approach for visualizing drug distribution in spatial and temporal domains. However, single-cell drug imaging has been limited so far by detection sensitivity and microscale lateral resolution. Herein, we report near-field laser desorption/laser postionization mass spectrometry (NDPI-MS) for single-cell imaging of two structurally similar drugs, proflavine and ethacridine, and subcellular distributions of proflavine at different drug concentrations were investigated. The NDPI-MS imaging results indicate that proflavine was accumulated in lysosomes, which was verified by laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). Additionally, a distinguished subcellular distribution pattern of ethacridine from proflavine could be visualized, highlighting the complexity of the interaction between the drugs and biological environment even though these two drugs possess similar structures. Taken together, the present results demonstrate the great potential of the integrated single-cell MSI platform for characterizing the drug distribution and its phenotype changes within individual cells, expediting the identification and evaluation of newly developed drugs.
关键词： single cell imaging,mass spectrometry,acridine drugs,laser postionization,near-field
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Theoretical investigation on the kinetics and mechanism of the synthesis of fluorescent 3,8-disubstituted-3H-imidazo[4,5-a]acridine-11-carbonitriles
摘要： 3,8-Disubstituted-3H-imidazo[4,5-a]acridine-11-carbonitriles show very interesting optical properties. In some cases, they have higher quantum yields compared to well-known fluorescent dyes such as fluorescein. Hitherto, no detailed theoretical study has been reported on the mechanism of the synthesis of the titled compounds, hence an accurate and detailed theoretical investigation on the synthesis of these dyes is desirable. In this paper, density functional theory (DFT) methods have been employed to investigate the most reasonable mechanism in formation of these fluorophores. All species and related transition states were optimised and the relative energies of all species and the activation energies for all proposed mechanisms were obtained. Comparing the Ea values of all pathways reveals that intramolecular electrophilic aromatic substitution is the most plausible mechanism for the cyclisation reaction in the preparation of these dyes. Also, the effects of substituents in positions 3 and 8 were investigated and the results show that electron-donor substituents can reduce the activation energy for formation of the σ complex in the electrophilic aromatic substitution.
关键词： kinetics,intramolecular electrophilic aromatic substitution,thermodynamics,5-a]acridine,DFT calculations,imidazo[4,substituent effects
更新于2025-09-19 17:15:36
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The use of surfactant-filled mesoporous silica as an immobilising medium for a fluorescence lifetime pH indicator, providing long-term calibration stability
摘要： Surfactant filled mesoporous silica is applied as a matrix for immobilizing the fluorescence lifetime pH-indicator acridine. We demonstrate that this type of encapsulation provides a stable and uniform chemical environment for the indicator and has good proton transport properties leading to rapid pH response times. Furthermore, the immobilising medium effectively prevents leaching of the indicator, facilitates high long-term stability and does not influence the pH sensing-range of the indicator.
关键词： acridine,surfactant-filled mesoporous silica,fluorescence lifetime pH indicator,proton transport properties,long-term calibration stability
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Pulsed laser ablated zeolite nanoparticles: A novel nano‐catalyst for the synthesis of 1,8‐dioxo‐octahydroxanthene and <i>N</i> ‐aryl‐1,8‐dioxodecahydroacridine with molecular docking validation
摘要： There is an increasing interest in the synthesis of metal nanoparticles (NPs) from bulk metals using pulsed laser ablation in liquids (PLAL), as it offers an easy and simple synthesis route. In this work, zeolite NPs (molecular sieve 4A) were successfully synthesized by the PLAL technique, and characterized by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. Data obtained confirm the formation of the crystalline phase of zeolite. The synthesized catalyst (zeolite molecular sieve 4A) was used as an efficient and facile promotor for the synthesis of xanthene and acridine derivatives. Molecular docking of the synthesized compounds was validated using quinone reductase 2 (NQO2) and acridine orange as the ligand, with the synthesized molecules showing good drug–ligand interaction on the active site of NQO2, compared with that of acridine orange.
关键词： zeolite,acridine,xanthene,laser ablation,nanoparticles,dimedone
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Highly efficient TADF OLEDs with low efficiency roll-off based on novel acridine–carbazole hybrid donor-substituted pyrimidine derivatives
摘要： Dimethyl acridine (Ac) and carbazole (Cz) donors are fused to produce acridine–carbazole hybrid donors, 12AcCz (8,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-8,13-dihydro-5H-indolo[2,3-c]acridine) and 23AcCz (13,13-dimethyl-7-phenyl-7,13-dihydro-5H-indolo[3,2-b]acridine). By combining TPPM (2,4,6-triphenylpyrimidine) acceptor with the Ac–Cz-fused donors of 12AcCz and 23AcCz, two emitters, 12AcCz-PM (13-(4-(2,6-diphenylpyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)-8,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-8,13-dihydro-5H-indolo[2,3-c]acridine) and 23AcCz-PM (5-(4-(2,6-diphenylpyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)-13,13-dimethyl-7-phenyl-7,13-dihydro-5H-indolo[3,2-b]acridine), are designed and synthesized. The impact of the different fused topologies of the hybrid donors on molecular configuration, photophysical and optoelectrical characters are systematically investigated. For 12AcCz-PM, the large steric hindrance between donor and acceptor compels Ac of 12AcCz to be crooked, which endows it with the relatively planar quasi-axial conformation. No blatant TADF character is observed, but the 12AcCz-PM doped device still presents the ultradeep blue emission with CIEx, y of (0.15, 0.05) and maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 6.4%. Whereas, 23AcCz-PM shows quasi-equatorial conformation and possesses notable TADF behavior. The 23AcCz-PM doped device reachs the EQEmax of 28.4% at low dopant concentration and 26.1% at high dopant concentration. Additionally, low efficiency roll-off (EQEs of 24.8% at 1000 cd m-2 and 20.7% at 5000 cd m-2) further confirms its superiorities as a TADF emitter.
关键词： novel acridine–carbazole hybrid donors,highly efficient TADF OLEDs,low efficiency roll-off,thermally activated delayed fluorescence
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Flow cytometry reticulocyte counting using acridine orange: validation of a new protocol
摘要： Introduction: Currently, the reticulocyte counting is a challenge for clinical laboratories in Brazil, mainly for the ordinary ones, which still use the manual method. This method has some limitations, since it consists of a laborious method, time consuming, with low accuracy. Objectives: This study has developed and evaluated the performance of a New Laboratory Protocol for flow cytometry (FC) reticulocytes counting using acridine orange (AO) as dye, aiming to standardize a more precise, easy, fast implementation, and low cost protocol. After standardization of the New Protocol (FC/AO), it was compared with the manual method. The results were analyzed according to the recommendations of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS), now known as Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), to evaluate the interchangeability of methods in linear regression analysis and paired t test, besides other quality control tests. Conclusion: Based on these results concerning to the correlation between the methods and the tests related to quality control, we can admit that FC/AO for reticulocyte counting shows undeniable advantages when compared to the preexisting manual method.
关键词： flow cytometry,manual reticulocyte count.,reticulocyte counting methods,acridine orange
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Ex Vivo Confocal Microscopy Of Basal Cell Carcinoma On A 3-Color Scale
摘要： Ex vivo confocal microscopy (CM) is capable of visualizing freshly excised tissue in real-time with cellular resolution without routine processing. Depending on the laser wavelength, either reflectance (RCM) or fluorescence (FCM) is utilized. Ex vivo CM is useful for the rapid evaluation of tumor margins during Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS). Initially, ex vivo RCM studies used acetic acid as contrast agent to enhance basal cell carcinoma (BCC) cell nuclei. However, thin strands of BCC were frequently missed. The use of fluorophores improves contrast, so that even small strands of BCC can be spotted in FCM mosaics. Acridine orange (AO) is the dye most widely used. AO binds specifically to DNA and emits fluorescence, so images of living cell nuclei can be enhanced and displayed as bright structures in FCM mosaics. Even though good resolution and morphological correlation are achieved with this standard technique, nowadays confocal mosaics are displayed in a grey scale format. However, dermato-pathologists are often neither familiar with nor comfortable assessing these black-and-white images. We herein report a new technique for obtaining 3-color scale confocal mosaics (3CS-FCM) with the simultaneous use of AO and ethidium bromide (EB) as fluorescent dyes. In this technique, the excised skin sample is first soaked with liquid nitrogen. The sample is then sectioned into 20-30 μm-thick slices using a cryostat and stained with the dye mixture (AO 0.1 mM + EB 0.25 mM) for about one minute. The sample is then placed in the confocal microscope plate for imaging (Nikon A1R+, NIKON CORPORATION?, Japan). The tissue is scanned simultaneously with two different wavelength lasers (405 and 488 nm) and the collected fluorescence displayed on the screen as a 3-color-scale mosaic. Around 10 to 15 minutes are required for completion of the tissue processing and for final mosaics to be developed. Unlike AO, EB binds specifically to the DNA of BCC cells that are damaged due to freezing. As a result, BCC nests are stained by EB and emit red fluorescence after laser stimulation; in contrast, the epidermis and dermis are stained by AO and emit green fluorescence. Blue color corresponds to the background tissue autofluorescence. All fluorescence is collected by the microscope displaying the final images in a 3-color scale format. AO and EB staining do not affect additional fixation or staining of the sample. Figure 1 shows completed BCC mosaics displayed with this new technique. Each color represents a different skin structure, making the mosaics easier to read. In this way, 3CS confocal mosaics are more user-friendly and can be interpreted by healthcare professionals without previous experience with FCM. Moreover, with frozen sample processing, the tissue is completely flattened and the entire sample can be displayed on the screen. These developments represent important advantages over previously described images obtained with CM. In conclusion, 3CS-FCM is an innovative technique that provides colored images, expanding significantly the applicability of FCM. Larger studies are nevertheless required to validate the technique for MMS and other applications.
关键词： fluorescence confocal microscopy,3-color scale mosaics,basal cell carcinoma,ethidium bromide,acridine orange,ex vivo confocal microscopy,Mohs micrographic surgery
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14