- 标题
- 摘要
- 关键词
- 实验方案
- 产品
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3D Shape Analysis (Fundamentals, Theory, and Applications) || 3D Face Recognition
摘要： The automatic recognition of human faces has many potential applications in various fields including security and human–computer interaction. An accurate and robust face recognition system needs to discriminate between the faces of different people under variable conditions. The main challenge is that faces, from a general perspective, look similar and their differences can be very subtle. They all have the same structure and are composed of similar components (e.g. nose, eyes, and mouth). On the other hand, the appearance of the same face can considerably change under variable extrinsic factors, e.g. the camera position and the intensity and direction of light, and intrinsic factors such as the head position and orientation, facial expressions, age, skin color, and gender. On that basis, face recognition can be considered to be more challenging than the general object recognition problem discussed in Chapter 11. Pioneer researchers initially focused on 2D face recognition, i.e. how to recognize faces from data captured using monocular cameras. They reported promising recognition results, particularly in controlled environments. With the recent popularity of cost-effective 3D acquisition systems, face recognition systems are starting to benefit from the availability, advantages, and widespread use of 3D data. In this chapter, we review some of the recent advances in 3D face recognition. We will first present, in Section 10.2, the various 3D facial datasets and benchmarks that are currently available to researchers and then discuss the challenges and evaluation criteria. Section 10.3 will review the key 3D face recognition methods. Section 10.4 provides a summary and discussions around this chapter.
关键词： local feature-based matching,face identification,face verification,holistic approaches,challenges,3D face recognition,datasets
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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A roadmap for electronic grade 2D materials
摘要： Since their modern debut in 2004, 2-dimensional (2D) materials continue to exhibit scientific and industrial promise, providing a broad materials platform for scientific investigation, and development of nano- and atomic-scale devices. A significant focus of the last decade’s research in this field has been 2D semiconductors, whose electronic properties can be tuned through manipulation of dimensionality, substrate engineering, strain, and doping (Mak et al 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 136805; Zhang et al 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 16938; Conley et al 2013 Nano Lett. 13 3626–30; Li et al 2016 Adv. Mater. 28 8240–7; Rhodes et al 2017 Nano Lett. 17 1616–22; Gong et al 2014 Nano Lett. 14 442–9; Suh et al 2014 Nano Lett. 14 6976–82; Yoshida et al 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 14808). Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and tungsten diselenide (WSe2) have dominated recent interest for potential integration in electronic technologies, due to their intrinsic and tunable properties, atomic-scale thicknesses, and relative ease of stacking to create new and custom structures. However, to go ‘beyond the bench’, advances in large-scale, 2D layer synthesis and engineering must lead to ‘exfoliation-quality’ 2D layers at the wafer scale. This roadmap aims to address this grand challenge by identifying key technology drivers where 2D layers can have an impact, and to discuss synthesis and layer engineering for the realization of electronic-grade, 2D materials. We focus on three fundamental areas of research that must be heavily pursued in both experiment and computation to achieve high-quality materials for electronic and optoelectronic applications.
关键词： transition metal dichalcogenides,2D materials,grand challenges,technology drivers,2D electronics,synthesis,roadmap
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Challenges and Approaches Towards Upscaling Assembly of Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： In recent times, the next generation of photovoltaic technologies accept perovskite solar cells (PSCs) as a different auspicious applicant as a result of their persistently developed efficiencies that achieve much solicitude from both the scientific and industrial societies. Even if PSCs are dignified toward commercial world through the photovoltaic module scale, significant challenges confusing industrialization remain. The recent efficiency of the solution-processed PSCs reach over 25% on lab-scale. However, a reproducible allocation to upscaling techniques of these processes still requires a highly controllable perovskite film formation. Different coating systems like blade, slot-die and spray coating as well as printing pathways like those that screen, inkjet, and gravure printing; besides vacuum deposition and laser patterning methods used widely as substitutions of spin coating towards the developing of PSC scale-up with large-area. Herein, the current review based on the practical potential of PSCs, strategies, challenges, and approaches on large-area scale PSCs module, through the different deposition techniques as well as functional materials in device architecture.
关键词： Hybrid,Perovskite Solar Cells,Challenges,Strategies,Upscaling
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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LiDAR DEM Data for Flood Mapping and Assessment; Opportunities and Challenges: A Review
摘要： Flooding is the most catastrophic, wide spread, and frequent natural hazards causing extensive damages on infrastructure, human life, and the environment. The frequency and severity of flooding has been increasing all over the world attributed to climate change and escalated urbanization. As such, the issue and techniques of monitoring and mapping flood inundated areas are also increasing. Advancement of state-of-the-art technologies have facilitated and improved flood mapping and monitoring. Earth observation plays important role in flood mapping, monitoring, and damage assessment. However, there are fundamental issues that restricts satellite data from being used for flood studies. LiDAR DEM data based flood modeling approach solves some of the limitations of Earth observation. On the other hand, flood modeling using LiDAR DEM data are challenging. The aim of this review is, therefore, to identify the opportunities and challenges of using LIDAR DEM data for flood mapping and assessment. Substantial literature review was done to attain the stated objective. The study revealed that flood modeling techniques could significantly improve the limitations of detecting flood using Earth observation such as detecting flooded areas under dense canopies and in urban areas. This is attributed to the accurate and fine resolution LiDAR DEM. Furthermore, LiDAR technology provide several opportunities such as relatively cost and time effective data collection system, capability of penetrating dense vegetation, and improved flood model accuracy and fine scale flood modeling. On the other hand, LiDAR data filtering (classification), data availability and accessibility, data file size, high computational time, inability to characterize channels bathymetry, and insufficiency of representing complex urban features are some of the challenges. Therefore, multi-platform LiDAR data (i.e., ground-based, airborne and space borne) and data from additional sources such as echo soundings and electronic theodolite surveys should be integrated to increase the effectiveness of the LiDAR technology for flood modeling.
关键词： Opportunities,Flooding,Flood modeling,Challenges,LiDAR DEM data
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Rapid laser solver for the phase retrieval problem
摘要： Tailored physical systems were recently exploited to rapidly solve hard computational challenges, such as spin simulators, combinatorial optimization, and focusing through scattering media. Here, we address the phase retrieval problem where an object is reconstructed from its scattered intensity distribution. This is a key problem in many applications, ranging from x-ray imaging to astrophysics, and currently, it lacks efficient direct reconstruction methods: The widely used indirect iterative algorithms are inherently slow. We present an optical approach based on a digital degenerate cavity laser, whose most probable lasing mode rapidly and efficiently reconstructs the object. Our experimental results suggest that the gain competition between the many lasing modes acts as a highly parallel computer that could rapidly solve the phase retrieval problem. Our approach applies to most two-dimensional objects with known compact support, including complex-valued objects, and can be generalized to imaging through scattering media and other hard computational tasks.
关键词： optical approach,phase retrieval,scattering media,computational challenges,digital degenerate cavity laser
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Distributed Fiber Sensing and Dynamic Rating of Power Cables || Optical Fibers, Connectors, and Cables
摘要： This chapter introduces the types of fibers available in the industry for DTS applications, the types of optical connectors, and their relevance in the context of distributed sensing applications. It also discusses how they may be incorporated into power cable transmission land and submarine corridors as well as the potential challenges that one may encounter during installation, particularly when fibers are embedded in the power cable itself.
关键词： Installation challenges,Connectors,Submarine corridors,DTS applications,Distributed sensing,Optical Fibers,Power cable transmission,Cables
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Review of the solar flux distribution in concentrated solar power: non-uniform features, challenges, and solutions
摘要： Concentrated solar flux distribution in the concentrated solar power (CSP) systems is extremely non-uniform, which can lead to high local temperature and large temperature gradient in solar receivers that will cause great challenges for the safety and efficient operation of the system. This paper introduces the non-uniform flux features in four CSP technologies including the parabolic-trough collector, the linear Fresnel collector, the solar power tower, and the parabolic-dish collector. Challenges including degeneration of the materials, thermal stress and deformation, and overburning are summarized. The corresponding solutions proposed to tackle these challenges are emphatically reviewed, and a recommendation for the optimization of the solar collector is provided from this review, which is that the solar flux distribution and the heat transfer ability of the heat transfer fluid (HTF) should match with each other as well as possible. From this point of view, the existing solutions are classified into two groups. One is optimizing the heat transfer ability of the HTF to match with the flux distribution, which is called the passive approach. The other is homogenizing the flux distribution to match with the identical heat transfer ability of the HTF, which is called the active approach. This review can help to have a better understanding of the non-uniform solar flux features in CSPs, and provide guidance for solving the corresponding challenges.
关键词： Non-uniform temperature,Solar receiver,Concentrated solar power,Non-uniform solar flux,Challenges and solutions,Solar concentrator
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36