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On the improvement of visible-responsive photodegradation through artificial cilia
摘要： Photocatalysts as a semiconductor material are widely used in the field of water and environment cleaning applications as it equips with favorite features such as chemical and physical stability, easy availability, inexpensive, and non-toxic in nature. Additionally, photocatalysts can convert the light energy of the irradiation into the chemical energy of the electron-hole pairs. Most commonly used TiO2 can function as the efficient photocatalysts in the presence of light. However it is a material which majorly requires UV light for its activation, and it is not practically being useful. In this aspect, the proposed study demonstrated that with a combination of SnFe2O4 nanoparticles with magnetic artificial cilia, a highly efficient catalytic activity can be achieved under the visible light due to the rapid and uniform mixing within the microfluidic device with least energy budget. To identify the optimal advanced oxidation process using the selected photocatalyst running with the microfluidics, a micro-particle image velocimetry analysis was carried out through three modes of artificial cilia rotation. The study also determined the evolution curves of the degradation rate with respect to time for all of three modes of cilia rotation, and a superior performance was achieved with a maximum degradation rate of 81.7% in 60 minutes using the presented design concept.
关键词： micro-particle image velocimetry,Photodegradation,photocatalyst,artificial cilia
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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Arl13b Interacts With Vangl2 to Regulate Cilia and Photoreceptor Outer Segment Length in Zebrafish
摘要： Mutations in the gene ARL13B cause the classical form of Joubert syndrome, an autosomal recessive ciliopathy with variable degrees of retinal degeneration. As second-site modifier alleles can contribute to retinal pathology in ciliopathies, animal models provide a unique platform to test how genetic interactions modulate specific phenotypes. In this study, we analyzed the zebrafish arl13b mutant for retinal degeneration and for epistatic relationships with the planar cell polarity protein (PCP) component vangl2. Photoreceptor and cilia structure was examined by light and electron microscopy. Immunohistochemistry was performed to examine ciliary markers. Genetic interactions were tested by pairwise crosses of heterozygous animals. Genetic mosaic animals were generated by blastula transplantation and analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. At 5 days after fertilization, photoreceptor outer segments were shorter in zebrafish arl13b?/? mutants compared to wild-type larvae, no overt signs of retinal degeneration were observed by light or electron microscopy. Starting at 14 days after fertilization (dpf) and continuing through 30 dpf, cells lacking Arl13b died following transplantation into wild-type host animals. Photoreceptors of arl13b?/?;vangl2?/? mutants were more compromised than the photoreceptors of single mutants. Finally, when grown within a wild-type retina, the vangl2?/? mutant cone photoreceptors displayed normal basal body positioning. We show that arl13b?/? mutants have shortened cilia and photoreceptor outer segments and exhibit a slow, progressive photoreceptor degeneration that occurs over weeks. The data suggest that loss of Arl13b leads to slow photoreceptor degeneration, but can be exacerbated by the loss of vangl2. Importantly, the data show that Arl13b can genetically and physically interact with Vangl2 and this association is important for normal photoreceptor structure. The loss of vangl2, however, does not affect basal body positioning.
关键词： Arl13b,planar polarity,photoreceptor,cilia,zebrafish,retina,Vangl2
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:21
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Kif17 phosphorylation regulates photoreceptor outer segment turnover
摘要： Background: KIF17, a kinesin-2 motor that functions in intraflagellar transport, can regulate the onset of photoreceptor outer segment development. However, the function of KIF17 in a mature photoreceptor remains unclear. Additionally, the ciliary localization of KIF17 is regulated by a C-terminal consensus sequence (KRKK) that is immediately adjacent to a conserved residue (mouse S1029/zebrafish S815) previously shown to be phosphorylated by CaMKII. Yet, whether this phosphorylation can regulate the localization, and thus function, of KIF17 in ciliary photoreceptors remains unknown. Results: Using transgenic expression in zebrafish photoreceptors, we show that phospho-mimetic KIF17 has enhanced localization along the cone outer segment. Importantly, expression of phospho-mimetic KIF17 is associated with greatly enhanced turnover of the photoreceptor outer segment through disc shedding in a cell-autonomous manner, while genetic mutants of kif17 in zebrafish and mice have diminished disc shedding. Lastly, cone expression of constitutively active tCaMKII leads to a kif17-dependent increase in disc shedding. Conclusions: Taken together, our data support a model in which phosphorylation of KIF17 promotes its photoreceptor outer segment localization and disc shedding, a process essential for photoreceptor maintenance and homeostasis. While disc shedding has been predominantly studied in the context of the mechanisms underlying phagocytosis of outer segments by the retinal pigment epithelium, this work implicates photoreceptor-derived signaling in the underlying mechanisms of disc shedding.
关键词： Disc shedding,Retina,Phagocytosis,Photoreceptor,Cilia,Intraflagellar transport,Kinesin
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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ADP-Ribosylation Factor-Like 2 (ARL2) regulates cilia stability and development of outer segments in rod photoreceptor neurons
摘要： Photoreceptor cells are specialized neurons with a sensory cilium carrying an elaborate membrane structure, the outer segment (OS). Inherited mutations in genes involved in ciliogenesis frequently result in OS malformation and blindness. ADP-ribosylation factor-like 2 (ARL2) has recently been implicated in OS formation through its association with Binder of ARL2 (BART or ARL2BP), a protein linked to inherited blinding disease. To test the role of ARL2 in vision we created a transgenic mouse model expressing a tagged-dominant active form of human ARL2 (ARL2-Q70L) under a rod-specific promoter. Transgenic ARL2-Q70L animals exhibit reduced photoreceptor cell function as early as post-natal day 16 and progressive rod degeneration. We attribute loss of photoreceptor function to the defective OS morphogenesis in the ARL2-Q70L transgenic model. ARL2-Q70L expression results in shortened inner and outer segments, shortened and mislocalized axonemes and cytoplasmic accumulation of rhodopsin. In conclusion, we show that ARL2-Q70L is crucial for photoreceptor neuron sensory cilium development. Future research will expand upon our hypothesis that ARL2-Q70L mutant interferes with microtubule maintenance and tubulin regulation resulting in impaired growth of the axoneme and elaboration of the photoreceptor outer segment.
关键词： cilia,outer segment,ARL2,photoreceptor,retinal degeneration,ADP-ribosylation factor-like 2
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36
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Photoreceptor actin dysregulation in syndromic and non-syndromic retinitis pigmentosa
摘要： Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the leading cause of inherited blindness. RP is a genetically heterogeneous disorder, with more than 100 different causal genes identified in patients. Central to disease pathogenesis is the progressive loss of retinal photoreceptors. Photoreceptors are specialised sensory neurons that exhibit a complex and highly dynamic morphology. The highly polarised and elaborated architecture of photoreceptors requires precise regulation of numerous cytoskeletal elements. In recent years, significant work has been placed on investigating the role of microtubules (specifically, the acetylated microtubular axoneme of the photoreceptor connecting cilium) and their role in normal photoreceptor function. This has been driven by the emerging field of ciliopathies, human diseases arising from mutations in genes required for cilia formation or function, of which RP is a frequently reported phenotype. Recent studies have highlighted an intimate relationship between cilia and the actin cytoskeleton. This review will focus on the role of actin in photoreceptors, examining the connection between actin dysregulation in RP.
关键词： Espin,RP2,Myosin VIIa,photoreceptor,CRB1,cytoskeleton,actin,Retinitis pigmentosa,Whirlin,FSCN2,cilia,RPGR,PROM1
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46