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Aged sol-gel solution-processed texture tin oxide for high-efficient perovskite solar cells
摘要： Mesoporous n–i–p perovskite solar cells (PeSCs) demonstrate attractive potentials for obtaining high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), by employing inorganic electron transport layers (ETLs). However, these ETLs composed of dual layers (a condense layer and a mesoporous layer) suffer composite process and high sintering temperature. Here, we demonstrate a simple and efficient process to improve the device performance of PeSCs by using a textured SnO2 film. Self-aged sol-gel SnO2 solution after spin coating results in a textured structure without sacrificing the surface coverage. Excellent light trapping ability is achieved by optimizing the aged time of sol-gel SnO2 solution, which mimics the evolution of conventional mesoporous layer. Such SnO2 textured structure provides a large contact area for rapid charge extraction, and alleviates interfacial recombination loss. Therefore, this PeSC yields an optimal PCE of 19%, which is prominent in state-of-the-art SnO2-based devices. These results indicate that one-step solution processed SnO2 with textured structure offers a simple and efficient way to improve the device performance of PeSCs without a complex process.
关键词： SnO2,electron transport layer,Perovskite solar cells,textured structure
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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High‐Performance Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells via Precise Control of Electron Transport Layer
摘要： Flexible perovskite solar cells (f-PSCs) have attracted great attention due to their promising commercial prospects. However, the performance of f-PSCs is generally worse than that of their rigid counterparts. Herein, it is found that the unsatisfactory performance of planar heterojunction (PHJ) f-PSCs can be attributed to the undesirable morphology of electron transport layer (ETL), which results from the rough surface of the flexible substrate. Precise control over the thickness and morphology of ETL tin dioxide (SnO2) not only reduces the reflectance of the indium tin oxide (ITO) on polyethylene 2,6-naphthalate (PEN) substrate and enhances photon collection, but also decreases the trap-state densities of perovskite films and the charge transfer resistance, leading to a great enhancement of device performance. Consequently, the f-PSCs, with a structure of PEN/ITO/SnO2/perovskite/Spiro-OMeTAD/Ag, exhibit a power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 19.51% and a steady output of 19.01%. Furthermore, the f-PSCs show a robust bending resistance and maintain about 95% of initial PCE after 6000 bending cycles at a bending radius of 8 mm, and they present an outstanding long-term stability and retain about 90% of the initial performance after >1000 h storage in air (10% relative humidity) without encapsulation.
关键词： flexible perovskite solar cells,electron transport layer,stability
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Polyelectrolyte‐Doped SnO <sub/>2</sub> as a Tunable Electron Transport Layer for High‐Efficiency and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： The charge transport layer is crucial to the performance and stability of the perovskite solar cells. Compared with other conventional metal oxide electron transport materials, SnO2 has a deeper conduction band and higher electron mobility, and can efficiently serve as an electron transport layer to facilitate charge extraction and transfer. In this study, we have reported an optimized low temperature solution processed SnO2 electron transport layer by doping PEIE polyelectrolyte into SnO2 for the first time in the perovskite solar cells. It was found that the performance of all aspects of the doped SnO2 film was improved than that of the pristine SnO2 film. The better energy level alignment, larger built-in field, enhanced electron transfer/extraction, and reduced charge recombination all contribute to the improved device performance. Finally, a perovskite solar cell with a power conversion efficiency of 20.61 % was successfully prepared under low temperature below 150 oC. Moreover, the stability of the doped SnO2-based device was also greatly improved.
关键词： doping,perovskite solar cells,PEIE,SnO2,electron transport layer
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Energy-band alignment and charge balance of electron transport layer with quinary Zn-Mg-Ga-Cl-O nanoparticles in InP-based quantum dot light emitting diodes
摘要： Quinary Zn-Mg-Ga-Cl-O nanoparticles were synthesized for the electron transport layer (ETL) of green InP-based quantum dot light emitting diodes (QLEDs) to achieve band alignment and charge balance. These nanoparticles were synthesized by simple hydrolysis reactions in the solution phase. The band gap of Zn-Mg-Ga-Cl-O increased to 3.85 eV, which exceeded that of ZnO by 0.3 eV. The energy gap between the conduction bands of Zn-Mg-Ga-Cl-O and InP-based quantum dots changed from 0.78 eV to ?0.17 eV. Electron transport in green InP-based QLEDs was reduced, and the charge balance was improved by Zn-Mg-Ga-Cl-O compared with that by ZnO and Zn-Mg-O. Green InP-based QLEDs with a Zn-Mg-Ga-Cl-O ETL exhibited a maximum luminance of 3270 cd/m2. The maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) and power efficiency of the QLEDs with a Zn-Mg-Ga-Cl-O ETL were 3.8% and 19.6 lm/W, respectively, which were 9.5 times and 9.24 times higher than those of the QLEDs with a ZnO ETL. The maximum EQE and power efficiency were achieved at 2.5 V and 170 cd/m2.
关键词： electron transport layer,InP,light emitting diodes,Quantum dots
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Low-temperature Synthesized Nba??doped TiO <sub/>2</sub> Electron Transport Layer enabling High-efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells by Band Alignment Tuning
摘要： An Nb-doped TiO2 (Nb-TiO2) film comprising a double structure stacked with a bottom compact layer and top mesoporous layers was synthesized by treating a Ti precursor-coated substrate using a one-step low-temperature steam-annealing (SA) method. SA-based Nb-TiO2 films possess high crystallinity and conductivity, and that allows better control over the conduction band (CB) of the TiO2 for electron transport layer (ETL) of the perovskite solar cells (PSCs) by the Nb doping level. Optimization of power conversion efficiency (PCE) for the Nb-TiO2 based ETL was combined with CB level tuning of the mixed-halide perovskite by changing the Br/I ratio. This band offset management enabled to establish the most suitable energy levels between ETL and perovskites. This method was applied to reduce the bandgap of perovskite to enhance photocurrent density while maintaining a high open-circuit voltage. As a result, the optimal combination of 5 mol% Nb-TiO2 ETL and 10 mol%-Br in the mixed-halide perovskite exhibited high photovoltaic performance for low-temperature device fabrication, achieving a high yield PCE of 21.3%.
关键词： low-temperature process,solvent-free hydrothermal synthesis,electron transport layer,steam-annealing method,Perovskite solar cell,niobium-doped TiO2
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Low Temperaturea??Processed Zr/F Coa??Doped SnO <sub/>2</sub> Electron Transport Layer for Higha??Efficiency Planar Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： The energy band position and conductivity of electron transport layers (ETLs) are essential factors that restrict the efficiency of planar perovskite solar cells (p-PSCs). Tin oxide (SnO2) has become a primary material in ETLs due to its mild synthesis condition, but its low conduction band position and limited intrinsic carriers are disadvantageous in electron transport. To solve these problems, this work exquisitely designs a Zr/F co-doped SnO2 ETL. The doping of Zr can raise the conduction band of SnO2, which reduces the energy barrier in electron extraction and inhibits the interface recombination between the ETL and perovskite. The open-circuit voltage (VOC) of p-PSCs consequently increases. F? doping belongs to n-type doping. Thus, it equips SnO2 with a large number of free electrons and improves the conductivity of the ETL and short-circuit current (JSC). The device based on Zr/F co-doped ETL achieves a high efficiency of 19.19% and exhibits a reduced hysteresis effect, which is more satisfactory than that of a pristine device (17.35%). Overall, our research successfully adjusts the energy band match and boosts the conductivity of ETL via Zr/F co-doping. The results provide an effective strategy for fabricating high-efficiency p-PSCs.
关键词： electron transport layer,Zr/F co-doping,energy level match,planar perovskite solar cell,tin oxide (SnO2)
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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SnO <sub/>2</sub> ‐CNT Hybrid Electron Transport Layer for Efficient and Hysteresis‐Free Planar Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： Tin oxide (SnO2) recently has received increasing attention as an electron transport layer (ETL) of planar perovskite solar cells and is considered as a possible alternative to titanium oxide (TiO2). However, planar devices based on pure solution-processed SnO2 ETL still have hysteresis, which greatly limits the application of SnO2 in high-efficiency solar cells. In order to address this issue, here, we fabricate a hybrid ETL of SnO2 and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by a simple thermal decomposing of a mixed solution of the SnCl4·5H2O and pre-treated CNTs (termed as SnO2-CNT). The addition of CNTs can significantly improve the conductivity of SnO2 films and reduce the trap-state density of SnO2 films, which benefit to carrier transfer from the perovskite layer to the cathode. As a result, a high efficiency of 20.33% has been achieved in the hysteresis-free perovskite solar cells based on SnO2-CNT ETL, which shows 13.58% enhancement compared to the conventional device (PCE=17.90%).
关键词： SnO2,carbon nanotubes,electron transport layer,perovskite solar cells
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Ozone-mediated Controllable Hydrolysis for High Quality Amorphous NbO <sub/>x</sub> Electron Transport Layer in Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： Amorphous NbOx electron transport layer (ETL) shows great potential for boosting the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) at low temperature (< 100 °C). To date, it is still a challenge to simultaneously control the hydrolysis of NbOx precursor solution and reduce the impurities of NbOx ETLs during low-temperature solution processing under ambient conditions. Herein, for the first time, we report ozone (O3) as a strong ligand to stabilize Nb salt solution under ambient conditions. The above procedure not only provides the formation of a highly repeatable amorphous NbOx film by suppressing the hydrolysis of the solution but also reduces the OH content in the film, which decreases the defect intensity and improves the conductivity of the NbOx ETL. Thus, the formation of highly repeatable NbOx ETL-based PSCs are obtained; moreover, these PSCs have high PCE of 19.54% and 16.42% on rigid and flexible substrate, respectively, much higher than the devices based on ETLs from a solution without an O3 treatment.
关键词： NbOx,electron transport layer,perovskite solar cell,amorphous oxide semiconductors,low temperature
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Hybrid Fullerene-Based Electron Transport Layers Improving the Thermal Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells
摘要： The structure-dependent thermal stability of fullerene electron transport layers (ETLs) and its impact on device stability have been underrated for years. Based on co-crystallographic understanding, herein, we develop a thermal stable ETL comprising of a hybrid layer of [6, 6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and [6, 6]-phenyl-C61-propylbenzene (PCPB). By tuning the weight ratios of PCBM and PCPB to influence the non-covalent intermolecular interactions and packing of fullerene derivatives, we obtained a champion device based on the 20PCPB (20 wt% addition of PCPB into the mixture of PCBM: PCPB) ETL and excellent thermal stability of 500 h under 85 °C thermal aging in N2 atmosphere in the dark. The present work exemplifies that co-crystallography can be a precise tool to probe interaction and aggregation of fullerene derivatives in ETLs, and mixed fullerene derivatives can be sought as promising ETLs to enhance the long-term stability of PSCs under high-temperature working environment.
关键词： fullerenes,electron transport layer,co-crystals,Perovskite solar cells,thermal stability
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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More Than 9% Efficient ZnSeTe Quantum Dot-Based Blue Electroluminescent Devices
摘要： We explore both synthesis of Cd-free blue quantum dots (QDs) with high-quality photoluminescence (PL) characteristics and fabrication of high-efficiency QD-light-emitting diodes (QLEDs). True blue (445 nm)-emissive, multishelled ZnSeTe QDs with a high PL quantum yield of 84% and sharp bandwidth of 27 nm are prepared. To obtain a better electron transport layer (ETL) material, surface of ZnMgO nanoparticles (NPs) is modified by additional Mg reaction, leading to the possible formation of Mg(OH)2 layer on the surface-modified ZnMgO (m-ZnMgO) NPs. The presence of Mg(OH)2 overlayer, origin for the desirably reduced electron mobility, is supposedly responsible for the improved charge balance of QD emissive layer (EML). The Mg(OH)2 layer is further found to alleviate the emission quenching of QD EML. Combining blue ZnSeTe QDs and m-ZnMgO NP ETL, highly bright, efficient blue QLEDs with the record luminance of 2904 cd/m2 and external quantum efficiency of 9.5% are demonstrated.
关键词： electron transport layer,Mg(OH)2 overlayer,electroluminescent devices,photoluminescence,ZnSeTe QDs,Cd-free blue quantum dots,QLEDs,ZnMgO nanoparticles
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59