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Plum Puddinga??Like Electrocatalyst of Na??Doped SnO <sub/><i>x</i> </sub> @Sn Loaded on Carbon Matrix to Construct Photovoltaic CO <sub/>2</sub> Reduction System with Solara??toa??Fuel Efficiency of 11.3%
摘要： A plum pudding-like Sn-based electrocatalyst is synthesized by calcinating precursor of SnC2O4 on carbon black with polymeric carbon nitride. This material exhibits a structure of Sn metallic ball coated by nitrogen-doped SnOx native layer (N-doped SnOx@Sn) embedding on carbon matrix. The electrochemical activity of the CN-Sn catalyst. The introduction of nitrogen that occupies interstitial space of surface SnOx layer further enhances electron transport; furthermore, it provides an electron-rich environment for oxygen because of its lower electronegativity, which is the fundamental cause of selectivity in electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. The maximum CO faradaic efficiency over the optimal catalyst reaches 57.5% with a high CO partial current density of 6.09 mA cm-2 at -0.7 V vs. RHE. This catalyst is further applied to construct a photovoltaic-electrocatalytic CO2 reduction/oxygen evolution reaction device to stably convert CO2 to chemicals for 6 hs at a high solar-to-fuel efficiency of 11.3%. This work explores a strategy of rational modulation on surface electronic structure to obtain high-performance electrocatalysts, inspiring the selectivity tuning in electrochemical CO2 reduction via electronegativity difference of various elements.
关键词： Sn,Doping,Electrocatalysis,Solar Energy Conversion,CO2 Reduction
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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A facile surface passivation method for efficient inorganic CsPbI2Br perovskite solar cells with efficiencies over 15%; é??????????oCsPbI2Bré??é??????¤aé?3è????μ?±?è?¨é?￠é????????????????1?3?;
摘要： Recently, perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) based on CsPbI2Br have attracted increasing attention owing to their good balance between efficiency and stability. Solution-processed CsPbI2Br perovskites usually contain various defects which need passivation for PVSCs with high-performance as well as good stability. Since the degradation of perovskite films usually begins at the grain boundaries, here we report a facile defect passivation strategy by spin-coating a KF solution on the CsPbI2Br perovskite surface. The deposited KF salt mostly locates at the grain boundaries of the perovskite surface, resulting in PVSCs with improved stability. Both steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence results suggest that the defects of perovskite were significantly passivated by KF treatment. Consequently, the best-performance PVSC based on CsPbI2Br with KF treatment shows an enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.01% with a larger open circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.26 V in comparison with the pristine CsPbI2Br-based counterpart which exhibits an inferior PCE of 14.14% with a VOC of 1.18 V.
关键词： grain boundary,perovskites,defect,energy conversion,fluorides,passivation
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Role of Regeneration of Nanoclusters in Dictating the Power Conversion Efficiency of Metal-Nanocluster-Sensitized Solar Cells
摘要： Metal nanoclusters (NCs) have emerged as feasible alternatives to dyes and quantum dots in light energy conversion applications. Despite the remarkable enhancement in power conversion efficiency (PCE) in recent years and the increase in the number of NCs available as sensitizers, a comprehensive understanding of the various interfacial charge-transfer, transport, and recombination events in NCs is still lacking. This understanding is vital to the establishment of design principles for an efficient photoelectrode that uses NCs. In this work, we carefully design a comparison study of two representative NCs, Au and Ag, based on transient absorption spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, methods that shed light on the true benefits and limitations of NC sensitizers. Low NC regeneration efficiency is the most critical factor that limits the performance of metal-nanocluster-sensitized solar cells (MCSSCs). The slow regeneration that results from sluggish hole transfer kinetics not only limits photocurrent generation efficiency but also has a profound effect on the stability of MCSSCs. This finding calls for urgent attention to the development of an efficient redox couple that has a great hole extraction ability and no corrosive nature. This work also reveals different interfacial behaviors of Au and Ag NCs in photoelectrodes, suggesting that utilizing the benefits of both types of NCs simultaneously by co-sensitization or using AuAg alloy NCs may be one avenue to further PCE improvement in MCSSCs.
关键词： metal nanoclusters,regeneration,light energy conversion,solar cells,hole transfer
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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All Antimony Chalcogenide Tandem Solar Cell
摘要： We demonstrate a proof-of-concept tandem solar cell using Sb2S3 and Sb2Se3 as top and bottom cell absorber materials. The band gaps of Sb2S3 and Sb2Se3 are 1.74 and 1.22 eV, perfectly satisfying the requirement of tandem solar cells. The application of few-layer graphene enables high transmittance and excellent interfacial contact in the top sub-cell. By controlling the thickness of the top cell for maximizing the spectral application, the tandem device delivers a power conversion efficiency of the 7.93%, which outperforms the individually optimized top cell (5.58%) and bottom cell (6.50%). Mechanistical investigation shows that the tandem device is able to make up voltage loss in the sub-cells, which is a critical concern in the current antimony chalcogenide solar cells. This study provides an alternative approach to enhancing the energy conversion efficiency of antimony selenosulfide.
关键词： antimony sulfide,energy conversion,semi-transparent electrode,tandem solar cell,antimony selenide
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Predicting Device Parameters for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells from Electronic Structure Calculations to Reproduce Experiment
摘要： Given that improvements to power conversion efficiency (PCE) of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have slowed in recent years, a means to accurately predict device parameters yielded by trial dyes in silico, without having to synthesize them, would be extremely valuable to speed up the design process. Currently, the best performing methods of calculating device parameters rely on a set of experimentally determined kinetic coefficients. In practice, it is very difficult to measure these kinetic parameters accurately, limiting the overall accuracy of such predictive methods. This work proposes a model to obtain key parameters such as JSC, VOC and PCE using only results from density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT calculations, noting that rates of electron transfer steps are ultimately linked to the electronic structure of the dye…TiO2 working electrode. Six organic DSSC dyes from dissimilar chemical classes (L0, L1, L2, WS-2, WS-92 and C281) were chosen to demonstrate the power of this approach. Their a priori known experimentally determined device performance metrics served to validate our predictions. The greatest absolute error in our predicted PCE values was 0.36% relative to experiment, whilst the greatest fractional error was 0.042. This indicates the proposed model offers a dramatic improvement on previous predictive methods for DSSC device parameters, both in accuracy and consistency. Moreover, the spirit of designing such a predictive model has great potential to be applied to other photovoltaic applications, further enabling the design of novel, highly efficient photoactive materials.
关键词： performance prediction,energy-conversion efficiency,dye-sensitized solar cells,photovoltaic properties,density functional theory
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Enhancement of proton acceleration and conversion efficiency by double laser pulses plasma interactions
摘要： We report an ef?cient scheme to improve the proton acceleration and energy conversion ef?ciency by using double laser pulses with foil interaction. We ?nd a signi?cant increase in the peak energy, the total number, and the maximum energy of the accelerated protons for the double laser pulses with foil interaction compared to those in the single laser pulse case, while the total laser energy is kept constant. The role of the ?rst pulse (pre-pulse) is to change the target electron distribution and reduce the re?ection of succeeding laser pulse and hence enhance the laser absorption so that more energy of the second laser pulse (main pulse) is converted into the particle energy. The main pulse preferentially accelerates the slower electrons located deeper in the plasma, and it also accelerates the fast electrons due to volumetric heating. Finally, the protons are accelerated to high energy due to the laser break-out afterburner, when the target becomes relativistically transparent to the laser pulse.
关键词： proton acceleration,laser-plasma interaction,double laser pulses,energy conversion efficiency
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Omni-direction PERC solar cells harnessing periodic locally focused light incident through patterned PDMS encapsulation
摘要： Photovoltaic panels based on crystalline Si solar cells are the most widely utilized renewable source of electricity, and there has been a significant effort to produce panels with a higher energy conversion efficiency. Typically, these developments have focused on cell-level device modifications to restrict the recombination of photo-generated charge carriers, and concepts such as back surface field, passivated emitter and rear contact (PERC), interdigitated back contact, and heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer solar cells have been established. Here, we propose quasi-Fermi level control using periodic local focusing of incident light by encapsulation with polydimethylsiloxane to improve the performance of solar cells at the module-level; such improvements can complement cell-level enhancements. Locally focused incident light is used to modify the internal quasi-Fermi level of PERC solar cells owing to the localized photon distribution within the cell. Control of the local focusing conditions induces different quasi-Fermi levels, and therefore results in different efficiency changes. For example, central focusing between fingers enhances the current density with a reduced fill factor, whereas multiple local focusing enhances the fill factor rather than the current density. Here, these effects were explored for various angles of incidence, and the total electrical energy production was increased by 3.6% in comparison to a bare cell. This increase is significant as conventional ethylene vinyl acetate-based encapsulation reduces the efficiency as short-wavelength light is attenuated. However, this implies that additional module-scale studies are required to optimize local focusing methods and their synergy with device-level modifications to produce advanced photovoltaics.
关键词： quasi-Fermi level control,module-level enhancements,energy conversion efficiency,Photovoltaic panels,crystalline Si solar cells,local focusing,polydimethylsiloxane,PERC solar cells
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Passivating contacts and tandem concepts: Approaches for the highest silicon-based solar cell efficiencies
摘要： The efficiency of photovoltaic energy conversion is a decisive factor for low-cost electricity from renewable energies. In recent years, the efficiency of crystalline silicon solar cells in mass production has increased annually by about 0.5–0.6%abs per year. In order to maintain this development speed, new technologies must be developed and transferred to industrial production. After the transition from full area Al back surface field cells to passivated emitter and rear contact cells, passivating contacts are an important step to get as close as possible to the efficiency limit of single junction Si solar cells. The theoretical background and the two prominent technologies for passivating contacts are presented and discussed. After implementing passivating contacts, the fundamental limit of single junction Si solar cells of 29.4% is in reach. Multi-junction solar cells are the most promising option to achieve efficiencies greater than 30%. Tandem technologies based on crystalline silicon as bottom cells have the advantage that they are based on a mature technology established on a gigawatt scale and can partially use the existing production capacity. In addition, silicon has an ideal bandgap for the lower subcell of a tandem solar cell. The two most promising material candidates for the top cell, i.e., III/V and perovskites, will be discussed. The presented technology routes show that silicon is able to maintain its outstanding position in photovoltaics in the coming years.
关键词： perovskites,multi-junction solar cells,III/V,photovoltaic energy conversion,passivating contacts,tandem technologies,crystalline silicon solar cells
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Effect of relative humidity during the preparation of perovskite solar cells: Performance and stability
摘要： Humidity is one of the main environmental factors that limits performance and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSC); it plays a critical role during the preparation of the perovskite film, influencing the crystal growth. In this work, it is investigated the effect of the relative humidity (RH) and type of atmosphere (nitrogen vs air) used during the deposition of both perovskite layer and hole extraction layer (HEL). While humidity and oxygen seem not to affect the HEL deposition step, the perovskite layer is notoriously influenced by the RH and by the presence of oxygen during its deposition. Until 10% of RH, the performance of devices prepared with a triple-cation perovskite layer deposited under a nitrogen environment was mostly unaffected, whilst for devices deposited in air that limit is lower. On the other hand, for high RH values (above 30%), devices prepared with a triple-cation perovskite layer deposited under N2 presented slightly better stability over time than the ones prepared under air. The best-performing device was prepared with a triple-cation perovskite layer deposited under dry air, presenting a power conversion efficiency of 16.7%. These results are of critical value when designing a plant for fabricating PSC showing that the perovskite layer may be deposited under a simple dry air atmosphere (RH < 1%).
关键词： Stability,Perovskite solar cells,Relative humidity effect,Crystal growth,Energy conversion
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Transparent Ta3N5 Photoanodes for Efficient Oxygen Evolution toward the Development of Tandem Cells
摘要： Photoelectrochemical water splitting is regarded as a promising approach to the production of hydrogen, and the development of efficient photoelectrodes is one aspect of realizing practical systems. In this work, transparent Ta3N5 photoanodes were fabricated on n-type GaN/sapphire substrates to promote O2 evolution in tandem with a photocathode, to realize overall water splitting. Following the incorporation of an underlying GaN layer, a photocurrent of 6.3 mA cm-2 was achieved at 1.23 V vs. a reversible hydrogen electrode. The transparency of Ta3N5 to wavelengths longer than 600 nm allowed incoming solar light to be transmitted to a CuInSe2 (CIS), which absorbs up to 1100 nm. A stand-alone tandem cell with a serially-connected dual-CIS unit terminated with a Pt/Ni electrode was thus constructed for H2 evolution. This tandem cell exhibited a solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiency greater than 7% at the initial stage of the reaction.
关键词： (oxy)nitrides,photoelectrochemistry,water splitting,photoelectrochemical tandem cell,solar energy conversion
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57