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Impact of Backup Power in Optimizing Deployment Cost of Hybrid Optical Wireless Broadband Access Network (HOWBAN) with Survivability
摘要： The dependence on broadband to enhance the economy and environment sustainability is imposing immense urgency to provide ubiquitous wireless broadband access which is a key enabler to a greater spread of society. One of the key barriers to the network connectivity and survivability identified is the lack of or unreliable infrastructure. In our previous studies we have identified that the most unreliable component in a hybrid optical wireless broadband access network infrastructure is the power grid in remote areas and least developed countries. In this paper we extend our studies to evaluate the effect of the costs of backup power on sustaining survivability at the front end of two types of network configurations in a hybrid optical wireless broadband access network. The configurations investigated are full survivability and alternative path survivability networks. Our results show that the provision of backup power to all the nodes in a network configuration with one alternative path is able to reduce the cost of deployment compared to that of a full survivability network configuration without significantly affecting the network survivability.
关键词： Survivability,Hybrid,Backup power,Optimization,Wireless mesh
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Structural, optical, electrical and thermal characteristics of La{CS(NH2)2CO(NH2)2}Cl3 : A novel hybrid complex for optoelectronic applications
摘要： A hybrid complex of lanthanum chloride with urea and thiourea is crystallized at room temperature by conventional solution method. The structural investigations by single crystal X-ray diffraction confirmed the orthorhombic system with cell dimensions a = 7.676 ?, b = 8.564 ?, c = 5.498 ?, α = β = γ = 90°. The optical studies by UV–VIS absorption spectroscopy shows the complex exhibits transmittance about 96%. The complex is characterized as the wide band gap crystals with value greater than 4 eV. The dielectric properties were studied in frequency range 10 kHz–1 MHz in temperature range 303–453 K. The ac conductivity was found to obey the universal power law and suggests the correlated barrier hoping mechanism dominating the conduction process. The thermal stability and the decomposition mechanism were confirmed by thermo gravimetric and differential thermo analytical (TG/DTA) techniques.
关键词： Dielectric analysis,ac conductivity,Hybrid complex,X-ray diffraction,UV–Vis spectrum
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Fascinating Physical Properties of 2D Hybrid Perovskite [(NH3)(CH2)7(NH3)]CuClxBr4?x, x?=?0, 2 and 4
摘要： The 2-D organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites of the formula [(NH3)(CH2)7(NH3)]CuClxBr4?x, x = 0, 2 and 4 were prepared by slow evaporation from ethanolic solution in stoichiometric ratio 1:1 (organic/inorganic). Microchemical analysis and x-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to confirm the formation of the presently investigated hybrids. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated order–disorder transitions at T1 = 357 K, T2 = 388 K, and T3 = 398 K for x = 0, 2 and 4 of the three heptane diammonium Cu hybrid perovskites, respectively. These transitions are in good agreement with the electrical permittivity results at different frequencies and temperatures. Optical properties and estimated band gap energy reveal that the band gap energy decreases sharply with replacement of Cl ion by Br ion where the band gap energy of [(NH3)(CH2)7(NH3)]CuBr4, x = 0 (denoted 2C7CuBr) is 1.6 eV (brown color) and for [(NH3)(CH2)7(NH3)]CuCl4, x = 4 (denoted 2C7CuCl) is 2.6 eV (yellow color). The differential magnetic susceptibility of 2C7CuBr in the temperature range 80–300 K indicates the effective magnetic moment μeff = 2.05 BM.
关键词： 2D hybrid perovskite,optical properties of halide perovskite,phase transition,magnetic properties of Cu perovskite
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Super photo-base initiated organic-inorganic hybrid coatings by plural-cure mechanisms
摘要： Free-radical polymerization forms the core chemistry of a majority of commercial UV-curable coating system today. Rapid curing at ambient temperature using stable, single component coating systems form the key value proposition that such coating systems offer. However, owing to their limitations such as oxygen inhibition, volume shrinkage, toxicity profiles of reactive diluents (RD), and the limited chemistry available, efforts are being made to counter these challenges by innovating and exploring new systems that have the potential to replace the existing chemistries. Anionic polymerization is one such promising area that has the potential to introduce a wide variety of chemistries in the field of UV-curable coatings. A significant stride in this field has been the innovation of photo-labile bases in the UV industry and the diverse chemistries that these bases have brought to fore. The primary focus of the present study is use of a super photo-base generator (PBG) in catalyzing concomitant but independent reactions to develop organic-inorganic hybrid (OIH) coating networks by leveraging plural-cure chemistry. The super PBG has been used to initiate both Michael-addition (MA) reaction and sol-gel reaction concurrently, upon exposure to the UV source. Coatings have been formulated using uniquely designed acrylate functional oligomers (MA-acceptor), acetoacetate functional reactive diluents (MA-donors) and organo-silanes (sol-gel precursors), besides super PBG. The study highlights many technical and environmental benefits of these OIH coatings with potential for applications in advanced coatings and additive manufacturing.
关键词： Reactive diluent,Super photo-base,Organic-inorganic hybrid,Michael-Addition
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Copper-doped hybrid Agx–Auy@ZnO nanoparticles and their enhanced photocatalytic activities
摘要： In this paper, we report on the simple polyol synthesis of copper-doped hybrid Agx–Auy@ZnO photocatalysts. The obtained samples have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and an N2 adsorption study. The experiment results show that Ag, Au and Ag–Au alloy nanoparticles (NPs) successfully load onto the surface of the assembled Cu-doped ZnO. The photocatalytic performances of Cu-doped Agx–Auy@ZnO nanomaterials have been tested using diuron herbicide as a model contaminant under simulated solar light irradiation. The addition of Ag and/or Au nanoparticles to doped ZnO was strongly beneficial to the rate constant displaying a volcano-like pattern as a function of the Ag and Au content. A maximum pseudo-first-order rate constant of 18.55 × 10?3 min?1, 22.70 × 10?3 min?1 and 24.74 × 10?3 min?1 was achieved on Cu-doped Ag0.3@ZnO, Au0.5@ZnO and Ag0.5–Au0.3@ZnO respectively. The Cu-doped Ag0.5–Au0.3@ZnO bimetallic nanoparticles show the highest photocatalytic activity due to the synergistic effect by effective electron transfer.
关键词： Hybrid photocatalyst,Copper-doped,Diuron,Water treatment,Polyol process,One pot,Zinc oxide,Gold,Photocatalysis,Solar light,Silver
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Coupling of Fluorophores in Single Nanoapertures with Tamm Plasmon Structures
摘要： Metal nanostructures (such as plasmonic antennas) have been widely demonstrated to be excellent devices for beaming and sorting the fluorescence emission. These effects rely on the constructive scattering or diffraction from different elements (such as metal corrugations or nanorings) of the nanostructures. However, subwavelength-size nanoholes, without nearby nanoscale features, results in an angularly dispersed emission from the distal surface. Herein, we demonstrate for the first time the emission redirection capabilities of a single isolated nanoaperture milled in a thick silver film deposited on a dielectric multilayer. Specifically, we show that a dye dissolved in ethanol filling in the nanoaperture can couple to Tamm Plasmon Polariton (TPP) modes of the structure. Due to the small in-plane wavevectors of the TPPs, the fluorescence from Tamm-coupled dyes within the nanoaperture is emitted normally to the sample surface, with a minimum angular width of about 12.54o. This kind of fluorescence manipulation has proven to be effective with various nanoaperture shapes, such as circles, squares, and triangles. Our work is also the first experimental demonstration of lateral coupling of fluorophores with TPPs in nanoholes, with potential applications in bioanalysis and biosciences.
关键词： Optical,Plasmonics,and Hybrid Materials,Magnetic
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Broadband Emission in Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Halides of Group 12 Metals
摘要： We report syntheses, crystal and electronic structures, and characterization of three new hybrid organic?inorganic halides (R)ZnBr3(DMSO), (R)2CdBr4·DMSO, and (R)CdI3(DMSO) (where (R) = C6(CH3)5CH2N(CH3)3, and DMSO = dimethyl sulfoxide). The compounds can be conveniently prepared as single crystals and bulk polycrystalline powders using a DMSO?methanol solvent system. On the basis of the single-crystal X-ray diffraction results carried out at room temperature and 100 K, all compounds have zero-dimensional (0D) crystal structures featuring alternating layers of bulky organic cations and molecular inorganic anions based on a tetrahedral coordination around group 12 metal cations. The presence of discrete molecular building blocks in the 0D structures results in localized charges and tunable room-temperature light emission, including white light for (R)ZnBr3(DMSO), bluish-white light for (R)2CdBr4·DMSO, and green for (R)CdI3(DMSO). The highest photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) value of 3.07% was measured for (R)ZnBr3(DMSO), which emits cold white light based on the calculated correlated color temperature (CCT) of 11,044 K. All compounds exhibit fast photoluminescence lifetimes on the timescale of tens of nanoseconds, consistent with the fast luminescence decay observed in π-conjugated organic molecules. Temperature dependence photoluminescence study showed the appearance of additional peaks around 550 nm, resulting from the organic salt emission. Density functional theory calculations show that the incorporation of both the low-gap aromatic molecule R and the relatively electropositive Zn and Cd metals can lead to exciton localization at the aromatic molecular cations, which act as luminescence centers.
关键词： zero-dimensional structures,broadband emission,group 12 metals,exciton localization,photoluminescence quantum yield,hybrid organic?inorganic halides
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Atomic layer deposition of hybrid metal oxides on carbon nanotube membranes for photodegradation of dyes
摘要： Synthetic dye pollution is a worldwide problem and quick remedies are urgently needed. Photocatalysis is a promising method to solve this problem and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are promising components in producing high-performance composite photocatalysts. Nevertheless, the strong hydrophobicity dramatically impedes its application in aqueous environments. In this study, hydrophilic CNT-hybrid metal oxides (ZnO and TiO2) membranes were prepared by atomic layer deposition (ALD). We demonstrate that ALD is an efficient and flexible method to enhance the photocatalytic activity of CNT-based membranes, especially the membranes used in wastewater treatments. The hybrid hexagonal wurtzite ZnO and anatase TiO2 on CNTs after calcination could effectively enhance electron transfer and reduce photo-generated electron-holes recombination. The membranes exhibit preferable photocatalytic activity and stable reusability in dye degradation. This strategy of "ALD on CNTs" is expected to create other CNT-based membranes with additional functionalities and has bright prospect for wastewater treatments.
关键词： Carbon nanotubes,Photocatalytic degradation,Hybrid metal oxides,Atomic layer deposition
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Multi-active sites derived from a single/double perovskite hybrid for highly efficient water oxidation
摘要： The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) plays a crucial role in the application of water splitting, which is a highly competitive option for a sustainable energy future. Thus, it is vital to design highly active and durable electrocatalyst for OER. Herein a hybrid with the nominal composition of Ba2Co1.5Mo0.25Nb0.25O6-d (denoted as BC1.5MN) electrocatalyst consisting of both double perovskite and single perovskite structures is synthesized by a solid-state reaction method. When tested as an electrocatalyst for OER, the BC1.5MN electrocatalyst requires a current density of 10 mA cm-2 at an overpotential of 400 mV, an onset overpotential of 260 mV, and a Tafel slope of 70 mV dec-1, which are superior to that of precious metal oxide IrO2 catalyst. Chronoamperometric and cyclic voltammetry studies demonstrate that the BC1.5MN electrocatalyst has outstanding durability in alkaline solution. The synergistic effect between multi-active sites derived from a single/double perovskite hybrid structure results in one of the most active perovskite-based OER electrocatalysts in alkaline solution.
关键词： hybrid,oxygen evolution reaction,double perovskite,single perovskite,electronic structure
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Integrated sizing of hybrid PV-wind-battery system for remote island considering the saturation of each renewable energy resource
摘要： The proliferation of renewable energy particularly the combination of solar-wind power and storage bank, is likely to be occupied throughout the world, to mitigate the local energy concerns, improve the energy supply opportunities for off-grid communities and vitiate environmental pollution concerns as well as ease the intensity of energy consumption. To mitigate the disharmony between renewable energy (RE) generation and supply, a cost-optimal autonomous hybrid renewable energy system is developed and comparatively analyzed, considering the saturation level of each involved RE source based on various technical and economic key indicators. This study proposes a mathematical model to comprehensively analyze the effect of varying saturation, i.e. increasing the saturation of one resource meanwhile decreasing the ratio of other resource, on battery bank size, state of charge (SOC), loss of power supply, excess energy, net present cost, levelized cost of energy (COE) and payback time. A saturation factor is introduced, from 0 to 1 value with step size 0.02, where zero represents the wind-only system and one represents the solar-only system. Three different systems are considered, with different wind turbine sizes (total 150 configurations), to comparatively analyze the different energy systems and the result reveals that smaller wind turbine size (2 kW) with 90% saturation of wind energy is the most cost-effective system for the proposed remote island. In addition, the solar-alone and wind-alone systems are compared, showing that the wind-only system can provide good performance as compare to solar-only. Furthermore, the effects of the saturation factor on COE, battery bank size, SOC, excess energy, system reliability and different load demands are analyzed. Energy balance analysis of whole year and simulation performance of the system is accomplished to verify the system reliability. Sensitivity analysis reveals that wind energy, battery cost and load has a significant impact on COE than other factors.
关键词： Hybrid Renewable system reliability,Cost of energy,Net present cost,Renewable energy saturation,Energy balance,Solar-wind-battery system
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52