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[IEEE 2019 International Conference on Smart Energy Systems and Technologies (SEST) - Porto, Portugal (2019.9.9-2019.9.11)] 2019 International Conference on Smart Energy Systems and Technologies (SEST) - Comparative Study of Sky Diffuse Irradiance Models Applied to Photovoltaic Systems
摘要： The increasing energy demand and the search for greener energy resources are expanding interests on photovoltaic systems. These systems need an accurate climatic and irradiation data in order to precisely estimate the energy yield of PV systems. However, most of the available irradiance data, are only for the horizontal plane. The precise estimation of the total irradiance incident on the surface of photovoltaic modules is one of the most important steps in the performance analysis of PV systems. In order to estimate the irradiance on a tilted surface from the irradiance data on the horizontal plane, there are many models available in the literature, they can be classi?ed in isotropic and anisotropic models. This study aims to access the performance of an isotropic and three anisotropic models, which are used by PV system simulation softwares, and the impact of each of them on the estimated energy generation. The results are compared with measured energy data collected at Politec?, Arac?ariguama in Brazil. Results showed that positioning the module at the correct tilted angle and facing north can optimise the global irradiance incident on the module’s surface. Hay & Davies model presented the lowest Mean Bias Error and Root Mean Squared Error while also showing a correlation coef?cient close to 1.
关键词： Sky diffuse models,Solar irradiance,Isotropic model,Anisotropic models,Photovoltaic systems
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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AIP Conference Proceedings [AIP Publishing APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICS IN TECHNICAL AND NATURAL SCIENCES: 11th International Conference for Promoting the Application of Mathematics in Technical and Natural Sciences - AMiTaNS’19 - Albena, Bulgaria (20–25 June 2019)] APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICS IN TECHNICAL AND NATURAL SCIENCES: 11th International Conference for Promoting the Application of Mathematics in Technical and Natural Sciences - AMiTaNS’19 - Space radiation effects in silicon solar cells: Physics based models, software, simulation and radiation effect mitigation
摘要： Improvements to solar cell ef?ciency and radiation hardness that are compatible with low cost, high volume manufacturing processes are critical for power generation applications in future long-term NASA and DOD space missions. We consider the physics based models, and simulations of the radiation effects in a novel, ultra-thin (UT), Si photovoltaic (PV) solar cell technology, Figure 1. Such solar cells have a potential to achieve high conversion ef?ciencies while shown to be lightweight, ?exible, and low-cost, due to the use of Si high volume manufacturing techniques. To achieve high ef?ciency on thin wafers Regher Solar is using amorphous/crystalline silicon heterojunction technology and a novel contactless metallization technology based on electroplating which can enable ultrathin silicon solar cells with up to 23% AM0 ef?ciency. Flexible light-weight solar panels made of UT Si solar cells can reduce solar array mass, volume, and cost for space missions. When solar cells are used in outer space or in Lunar or Martian environments, they are subject to bombardment by high-energy particles, which induce a degradation referred to as radiation damage. Radiation tolerance (or hardness) of this UT Si PV technology is not well understood. Research, review, and analysis of solar-cell radiation-effects models in literature have been conducted, and physics-based models have been selected and validated [1]. Several different engineering approaches have been investigated to improve Si solar cell radiation hardness. Other approaches include Material/ Impurity/Defect Engineering (MIDE), Device Structure Engineering (DSE), and device operational mode engineering (DOME), which have been shown to be effective in reducing the effects of displacement damage in Si based devices [2]. Lithium-doped, radiation-resistance silicon solar cell is considered an attractive experimentally proven possibility as well [3]. In this paper, we provide the results of numerical simulation of the radiation effects in UT Si PV cells, and review radiation damage mitigation techniques. The results of numerical simulation of the radiation effects, coupled with the phenomenon of non-uniform vacancy creation (i.e., maximum displacement damage occurs near the Bragg peak, as described earlier), further indicate that a high-energy protons will cause minimal damage in the ultra-thin 50μm (or thinner) Si solar cell. These results show that the UT Si PV cell technology can be used for space applications in the high radiation environment.
关键词： silicon solar cells,radiation effect mitigation,physics based models,simulation,space radiation
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Modeling Thin Film Solar Cells: From Organic to Perovskite
摘要： Device model simulation is one of the primary tools for modeling thin film solar cells from organic materials to organic–inorganic perovskite materials. By directly connecting the current density–voltage (J–V) curves to the underlying device physics, it is helpful in revealing the working mechanism of the heatedly discussed organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells. Some distinctive optoelectronic features need more phenomenological models and accurate simulations. Herein, the application of the device model method in the simulation of organic and organic–inorganic perovskite solar cells is reviewed. To this end, the ways of the device model are elucidated by discussing the metal–insulator–metal picture and the equations describing the physics. Next, the simulations on J–V curves of organic solar cells are given in the presence of the space charge, interface, charge injection, traps, or exciton. In the perovskite section, the effects of trap states, direct band recombination, surface recombination, and ion migration on the device performance are systematically discussed from the perspective of the device model simulation. Suggestions for designing perovskite devices with better performance are also given.
关键词： perovskites,device models,thin film solar cells,organic semiconductors
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Phototransferred thermoluminescence from natural quartz annealed at 1000?°C: Analysis of time-dependent evolution of intensity and competition effects
摘要： Phototransferred thermoluminescence (PTTL) related to multiple acceptors and donors in natural quartz is reported. A glow curve measured at 1 °C s?1 after beta irradiation to 300 Gy has four peaks labelled I, II, III, and IV at 70, 124, 170, and 298 °C respectively. Preparatory to measurement of PTTL, these peaks were removed in turn by preheating to 100, 140, 250 and 500 °C. PTTL is observed for peak I after any of these preheating temperatures. This means that peak I is reproduced, under phototransfer, when any of peak I, II, III or IV has been removed. Peak II is only reproduced after preheating to 250 °C to remove peaks I, II and III. Peak II does not re-appear after any preheating beyond 250 °C. Peak III re-appears under phototransfer following preheating to either 250 or 500 °C. No PTTL was observed for peak IV at all. The behaviour of peaks II and IV are suggestive of competition effects that merit investigation. This is addressed in this report. The dependence of PTTL intensity on the duration of illumination is studied for all PTTL peaks corresponding to various preheating temperatures. Peak I shows an initial increase in intensity followed by a decrease with illumination for preheating to 100, 140 and 500 °C. However when the sample is preheated to 250 °C, the intensity decreases monotonically. The PTTL intensity for peaks II and III go through a slow and extended growth up to 1500 s before the onset of any decrease. The change of intensity with illumination time is modelled using coupled first-order linear differential equations on the basis of systems of acceptors and donors whose number depends on the preheating temperature.
关键词： Models,Donors,Acceptors,Competition effects,Phototransferred thermoluminescence,Natural quartz
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Simulating nanocrystal-based solar cells: A lead sulfide case study
摘要： Nanocrystal-based solar cells are promising candidates for next generation photovoltaic applications; however, the most recent improvements to the device chemistry and architecture have been mostly trial-and-error based advancements. Due to complex interdependencies among parameters, determining factors that limit overall solar cell efficiency are not trivial. Furthermore, many of the underlying chemical and physical parameters of nanocrystal-based solar cells have only recently been understood and quantified. Here, we show that this new understanding of interfaces, transport, and origin of trap states in nanocrystal-based semiconductors can be integrated into simulation tools, based on 1D drift-diffusion models. Using input parameters measured in independent experiments, we find excellent agreement between experimentally measured and simulated PbS nanocrystal solar cell behavior without having to fit any parameters. We then use this simulation to understand the impact of interfaces, charge carrier mobility, and trap-assisted recombination on nanocrystal performance. We find that careful engineering of the interface between the nanocrystals and the current collector is crucial for an optimal open-circuit voltage. We also show that in the regime of trap-state densities found in PbS nanocrystal solar cells (～1017 cm?3), device performance exhibits strong dependence on the trap state density, explaining the sensitivity of power conversion efficiency to small changes in nanocrystal synthesis and nanocrystal thin-film deposition that has been reported in the literature. Based on these findings, we propose a systematic approach to nanocrystal solar cell optimization. Our method for incorporating parameters into simulations presented and validated here can be adopted to speed up the understanding and development of all types of nanocrystal-based solar cells.
关键词： nanocrystal-based solar cells,simulation,charge carrier mobility,lead sulfide,drift-diffusion models,trap states
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Bioelectrochemical Interface Engineering || Quantum Dots for Bioelectrochemical Applications
摘要： In this chapter, the structure, characteristics, and synthesis processes of QDs were summarized. The most common electrochemical methods for QDs were also represented by reviewing their potential applications in biosensor technology. Many specific applications have been realized by utilizing the unique characteristics of QDs. However, their limited commercial availability; requirements of demanding synthesis procedures, analysis of multicomponent complex samples, and in situ analysis; and lack of validation with real samples are other disadvantage of QDs. The design of QD-based biosensors is also complicated due to limitedly defined redox behavior of nanocrystals resulting in difficulty with probing their redox levels. Therefore, extensive investigations are needed on the redox properties of QDs, despite having a large amount of literature on their synthesis, properties, and applications. The interactions between the system parameters can be clarified by using the mathematical models. To solve the model equations analytically, it is introduced to equivalent systems having identical spectra and wave functions, and these forms have to satisfy the solvability conditions. 3D QDs can be modeled by an ODE accurately, when the dimension of the cross section is very small and the energy levels are low. To obtain high accuracy of the effective mass approximation model, sizes of the QDs should be 10–20 nm. Optimum design problems for QD systems generally have discrete search spaces and involve highly nonlinear terms. Therefore, the selection of any traditional optimization methods to solve optimization problems is not appropriate. In these circumstances, it is useful to perform modern optimization algorithms such as the GA, DE, and SA methods. By incorporating mathematical models and optimization approximations to QD-based bioloelectrochemical systems, their performances will excel far beyond the current state in the near future.
关键词： Optimization Algorithms,Mathematical Models,Bioelectrochemical Applications,Electrochemical Methods,Biosensor Technology,Quantum Dots
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Modelling of a Multipurpose Photovoltaic Generator Block Using ATP-EMTP
摘要： One of the major references to deal with electromagnetic transients is the ATP-EMTP program whose associated tools, ATPDraw (a graphical interface) and MODELS (a programmable language), have pushed its use to other electrical system analysis. In this context, this article aims to show the development of a computational block to represent the photovoltaic generator in ATP, with its respective mask and configuration in ATPDraw. Starting from the classical mathematical foundation, a photovoltaic module is developed from data available in manufacturers’ manuals. The ideality equations are then modified to attend different purposes: applying new values of temperature and irradiation, choosing series and/or parallel association of modules, including different values of series and parallel resistances. The final multipurpose photovoltaic generator is validated by comparison of its results with those found in the related technical literature.
关键词： Photovoltaic module,MODELS,Modelling,ATPDraw,ATP-EMTP
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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FA-LAR: an efficient flow aware based load adaptive routing scheme for optical communication networks
摘要： Routing Protocols have been proposed to enable the network to identify and suggest various routes to number of demanded flows. In the Flow-Aware Network Models, the routes are identified and selected with the help of Flow Tables or Flow Identifiers that proposed by Flow Aggregation Mechanism. That is, users can define a Flow Aggregation Model to suggest routes depend on their defined-demanded flows and this model effectively handles many flows, which helps core routers to profit aggregate routing. This is an efficient and effective approach to identify a best route to achieve required performance. It is noted from the literature survey that the Flow-Aware Multi-Topology Adaptive Routing (FAMTAR) was proposed for achieving higher Network performance through multipath solutions. This FAMTAR Model was implemented and studied thoroughly. From the experimental results, it was noticed that this model unable to i. detect and manage bulk flow, ii. Control Traffic Loss and iii. Maintain Deviation of Links Load against Traffic Load. To address the above mentioned issues, this research work is proposed an efficient Flow-Aware based Load Adaptive Routing (FA-LAR). This model is developed and implemented in ns3 and the simulation results are analysed carefully. From the experimental results, it is noticed that the prosed Model, FA-LAR is performing well as compared with the existing FAMTAR in terms of Queueing Delay, Throughput, Power Consumption (Energy Dissipation), and Load Deviation. It is also noticed that the proposed model unable to achieve higher Throughput for Low Load.
关键词： Load Balancing,Flow-Aware Network Models,Flow-Aware Multi-Topology Adaptive Routing,Routing Protocols,Flow-Aware Based Load Adaptive Routing
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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8.78% Efficient All‐Polymer Solar Cells Enabled by Polymer Acceptors Based on a B←N Embedded Electron‐Deficient Unit
摘要： Mono-cardboard waste digestion in batch tests associated with different impact factors was investigated. The maximum methane generation was 394 mL/gVSadd with the best F/M of 0.5 at mesophilic conditions. The highest methane content reached 75% in the dynamic water bath feeding with an average particle size of 1?3 mm. Hydrolysis and methanogenesis were significantly different between static and dynamic states, especially at particle size over 3 mm. The modified Gompertz model (R2 > 0.98) and the modified Aiba model (R2 > 0.88) were the most appropriate models for methane generation among the six kinds of models. At different TS, the variation of dissolved organic matters reflects the metabolic rate of the microbial community. The soluble microbial product-like and protein-like components half split by excitation?emission factors significantly negatively corresponded to biomethane production. Moreover, a rapid loss of matrix-parallel methanogenesis was observed with high organics concentration. A strong correlation between the F/M ratio and the CH4 generation ability was observed with an optimized F/M of 0.5. The maximum energy production was also investigated based on the optimized particle size of 2?5 mm and F/M of 0.5, in which long-term stability was maintained.
关键词： dissolved organic matter,kinetic models,methane production,EEM-PARAFAC,Mono-cardboard digestion
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Appropriate Nonlocal Hydrodynamic Models for the Characterization of Deep‐Nanometer Scale Plasmonic Scatterers
摘要： The interaction between light and plasmonic systems with deep-nanometer characteristics, which is essentially governed by quantum mechanical effects, has been extensively studied by the nonlocal hydrodynamic approach. Several hydrodynamic models, supplemented by additional boundary conditions, have been introduced in order to describe the collective motion of the free electron gas in metals. Four hydrodynamic models, namely the hard wall hydrodynamic model (HW-HDM), the curl-free hydrodynamic model, the shear forces hydrodynamic model, and the quantum hydrodynamic model (Q-HDM), are thoroughly investigated. The investigation studies the mode structure (the natural modes or, in quantum optics, the quasi-normal modes) of the spherical core–shell topology, which is complemented by the plane wave response from the system. The results of the above hydrodynamic models are also compared with those of the specular reflection method. It is demonstrated that the choice of a particular hydrodynamic model strongly affects the natural frequencies and modes in the mode structure of the topology and thus drastically modifies the simulated fields in the near and far regions. Contrary to HW-HDM and Q-HDM, the other two hydrodynamic models fail to predict the particles’ response accurately, showing artifactual mode hybridization.
关键词： additional boundary conditions,natural (quasi-normal) modes,nonlocal hydrodynamic models,scattering
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04