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Ceramide and Sphingosine-1-Phosphate/Sphingosine act as Photodynamic Therapy-Elicited Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns: Release from Cells and Impact on Tumor-Associated Macrophages
摘要： A recent finding showed that ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) become exposed on the surface of cells treated by photodynamic therapy (PDT) and acquire the capacity to act as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). To explore this further, the present study examined whether ceramide and S1P can be released from PDT-treated cells and investigated changes in the levels of these sphingolipids in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) left in contact with PDT-treated tumor cells. Mass spectroscopy-based analysis detected increased levels of C16-ceramide and dihydroC16-ceramide in media supernatants from SCCVII cells collected three hours after they were treated by PDT, compared to untreated cell supernatants. While no release of S1P was detected, elevated levels of its precursor sphingosine were found in the supernatants of PDT-treated cells. The co-incubation of TAMs-containing primary cultures derived from mouse SCCVII tumors with PDT-treated SCCVII cells was followed by ceramide and S1P analysis in these cells based on staining with specific antibodies and flow cytometry. Levels of both ceramide and S1P as well as inflammasome protein NLRP3 were found to rise in TAMs when they were co-cultured with PDT-treated SCCVII cells, while no significant change was seen with cancer cells. Such changes were induced also in TAMs incubated with supernatants from PDT-treated cells. The findings of the present study affirm the potential of sphingolipids including ceramide, S1P, and sphingosine to act, either exposed on cell surface or released in the microenvironment, as DAMPs in the response of tumors to PDT.
关键词： Sphingosine,Photodynamic therapy,Sphingolipid metabolism-modulating drugs (SMMDs),Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs),Ceramide,Sphingosine-1-phosphate
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Using polarization control plate to suppress transverse stimulated Raman scattering in large-aperture KDP crystal
摘要： Transverse stimulated Raman scattering (TSRS) is strongly generated in the third-harmonic-generation crystal potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) and can even damage the KDP crystal in inertial confinement fusion drivers. In this work, a method to suppress TSRS is proposed in which the polarization control plate (PCP) is moved to a new position in the existing optical path. The proposed method can suppress TSRS significantly and doubles the laser threshold intensity in KDP crystal when the order of the PCP is 16. This result is attributed to the reduction of the gain length for the Stokes radiation. The proposed method may also be used to suppress other nonlinear effects, including transverse stimulated Brillouin scattering in large-aperture optical components.
关键词： transverse stimulated Raman scattering,Polarization control plate,potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP)
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Electrochromic effect of indium tin oxide in lithium iron phosphate battery cathodes for state of charge determination
摘要： In this paper, we discuss the origin of an optical effect in lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery cathodes, which depends on the electrical charge transferred into the battery. Utilizing indium tin oxide (ITO) as an electrode additive, we were able to observe a change in reflectivity of the cathode during charging and discharging with lithiation and delithiation being clearly visible in the form of lithiation fronts. Further investigations using in situ video microscopy and in situ Raman spectroscopy on test cells with an optical window indicates that ITO additionally acts as an electrochromic marker within the LFP cathode. This enhances the optical effect due to local potentials around the lithiation fronts, which enables the voltage-dependent reflectivity of the ITO to be visible in the LFP cathode. Structural analysis with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray crystallography (XRD) are presented as well. The observed effect allows for novel battery research methods and for a possible commercial application as a sensor for state of charge (SOC) estimation similar to the optical fiber approach reported by Ghannoum et al. for a graphite anode.
关键词： lithium ion batteries,battery state determination,lithium iron phosphate,raman spectroscopy,indium tin oxide,electrochromic marker,video microscopy,state of charge
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Physical Properties and Structural Studies of Lithium Borophosphate Glasses Containing TeO2
摘要： This work presents a study on the structure, thermal behavior and properties of (100-x)[0.5Li2O-0.1B2O3-0.4P2O5]-xTeO2 glasses prepared within the concentration range of x=0-80 mol% TeO2. The structure of the glasses was studied with a combined Raman, 31P and 11B MAS NMR spectroscopy. 31P MAS NMR and Raman spectrum of the pure 50Li2O-10B2O3-40P2O5 glass indicates the co-existence of Q2 and Q1 phosphate units in the glass structure. Raman spectra of TeO2 containing glasses revealed that TeO2 is incorporated in the structural network in the form of TeO3 and TeO4 (TeO3+1) units. The ratio of TeO4/TeO3 increases with rising TeO2 content. Apart from the formation of P-O-Te and Te-O-Te bonds, the formation of B-O-Te bonds in the form of mixed tetrahedral units B(OP)4-n(OTe)n also takes place as shown by 11B MAS NMR spectroscopy. The structural studies were correlated with the thermal behavior and physical properties of glasses (density, molar volume, chemical durability and refractive index). DSC studies showed that all glasses crystallize on heating within a temperature region of 400-550°C and the surface nucleation mechanism prevails over the internal one. The crystallization temperature decreases with increasing TeO2 content. The compounds formed by crystallization were LiPO3, Li4P2O7, BPO4 and α-TeO2. Glass transition temperature and dilatometric softening temperature, estimated from thermodilatometry curves, decrease with increasing TeO2 content, whereas the thermal expansion coefficient increases.
关键词： Phosphate Glasses,Tellurite Glasses,Properties,Structure
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14