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Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Bladder Cancer: Past Challenges and Current Innovations
摘要： There are limited treatment options for patients with recurrent non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. In this report, we will talk about the history of photodynamic therapy; although it showed encouraging therapeutic results, it was largely abandoned due to toxicity or bystander effects on normal cells. Monoclonal antibody-conjugates represent an emerging therapeutic approach for malignancies that improves upon tumor specificity. The use of a monoclonal antibody-photosensitizer conjugate is a more selective method of delivering light therapy and has been termed 'photoimmunotherapy', which we will discuss in the last part of this report.
关键词： Hematoporphyrin,Urothelial cancer,Hexaminolevulinic acid,Photoimmunotherapy,PIT,BCG-refractory NMIBC,PDT,Bladder cancer,5-Aminolevulinic acid,Photodynamic therapy
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Photodynamic Therapy in Bowen Disease of the First Web Space of the Hand
摘要： Bowen disease (BD), or intraepithelial squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), may progress to an invasive SCC. Although surgery is preferred because of the low recurrence rate, it can result in hypertrophic scarring or contracture, particularly in lesions on the hands. We report a case of BD in the first web space of the hand, which was treated with ablative fractional laser-assisted photodynamic therapy (AFXL-assisted PDT). After multiple AFXL-assisted PDT sessions, the lesion showed no clinical or pathological abnormalities. Thus, we believe that PDT can be an alternative treatment for BD occurring in the web space of the hand.
关键词： Bowen's disease,Photodynamic therapy
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Vascular and structural alterations of the choroid evaluated by optical coherence tomography angiography and optical coherence tomography after half-fluence photodynamic therapy in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy
摘要： Purpose To concurrently evaluate the effect of half-fluence photodynamic therapy (hf PDT) on choriocapillaris (CC) perfusion and choroidal structure in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). Methods This prospective study included 48 eyes of 41 patients with chronic CSC. Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images were analyzed. Choroidal area (CA), luminal area (LA), and stromal area (SA) were computed using Image J software. Results One month after hf-PDT, total CA decreased to 1.312 mm2 from 1.490 mm2 (p < 0.001), LA decreased to 0.981 mm2 from 1.097 mm2 (p < 0.001), and SA decreased to 0.331 mm2 from 0.393 mm2 (p < 0.001). In OCTA, the CC flow in the eyes with CSC (17.75 mm2) was statistically significantly lower than the fellow eyes (18.93 mm2) at the baseline visit (p < 0.001). After hf-PDT, the flow in the choriocapillaris statistically significantly increased to 18.81 mm2 at the first month (p = 0.02). Conclusions OCTA proves that after hf-PDT a significant increase in CC perfusion occurred at first month. The decrease of the luminal areas in enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography is mainly due to a decrease in large-caliber vessels, which indicates that hf-PDT has an effect on larger choroidal vessels and spares CC flow.
关键词： Chronic central serous chorioretinopathy,Optical coherence tomography angiography,Half-fluence photodynamic therapy,Choriocapillaris perfusion
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Bismuth Sulfide Nanorods with Retractable Zinc Protoporphyrin Molecules for Suppressing Innate Antioxidant Defense System and Strengthening Phototherapeutic Effects
摘要： Bismuth (Bi)-based nanomaterials (NMs) are widely used for computed tomography (CT) imaging guided photothermal therapy, however, the photodynamic property is hardly exhibited by these NMs due to the fast electron–hole recombination within their narrow bandgap. Herein, a sophisticated nanosystem is designed to endow bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) nanorods (NRs) with potent photodynamic property. Zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZP) is linked to Bi2S3 NRs through a thermoresponsive polymer to form BPZP nanosystems. The stretching ZP could prebind to the active site of heme oxygenase-1 overexpressed in cancer cells, suppressing the cellular antioxidant defense capability. Upon NIR laser irradiation, the heat released from Bi2S3 NRs could retract the polymer and drive ZP to the proximity of Bi2S3 NRs, facilitating an efficient electron–hole separation in ZP and Bi2S3 NRs, and leading to reactive oxygen species generation. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate the promising photodynamic property of BPZP, together with their photothermal and CT imaging performance.
关键词： photodynamic therapy,heme oxygenase-1,bismuth sulfide,near-infrared,zinc protoporphyrin IX
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation of fungal biofilm using amino functionalized mesoporus silica-rose bengal nanoconjugate against Candida albicans
摘要： Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes both superficial and systemic infection and an important candidate that contribute to high morbidity and mortality rates in immunocompromised patients. The ability of C. albicans to switch from yeast to filamentous form and thereby forming biofilms make them resistant to most of the antifungal drugs available today. Thus the development of more effective antifungal drugs are essential and crucial at this point of time. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy is an alternative modality to treat such biofilm forming resistant strains. This study aims to investigate the enhanced efficiency of newly synthesized MSN-RB conjugate as an antimicrobial photosensitizer for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against C. albicans. Functionalization of MSN with amino groups was performed to increase the dye loading capacity. Conjugation process of MSN-RB was confirmed using different techniques including UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fluorescent spectroscopy and FTIR analysis. A low power green laser 50 mW irradiation was applied (5 min) for activation of MSN-RB conjugate and RB against C. albicans biofilm and planktonic cell. The comparative study of MSN-RB conjugate and free RB on aPDT was evaluated using standard experimental procedures. Antibiofilm efficacy was determined using biofilm inhibition assay, cell viability, EPS quantification and CLSM studies. The results revealed that MSN-RB conjugate has a significant antimicrobial activity (88.62 ± 3.4%) and antibiofilm effect on C. albicans when compared to free dye after light irradiation. The MSN-RB conjugate based aPDT can be employed effectively in treatment of C. albicans infections.
关键词： Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy,Conjugation,Amino functionalization,Mesoporus silica nanoparticles,Lipid peroxidation,Anti-biofilm activity
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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High Photosensitized Singlet Oxygen Generating Zinc and Chloroindium Phthalocyanines Bearing (4-isopropylbenzyl)oxy Groups as Potential Agents for Photophysicochemical Applications
摘要： In this study, novel phthalonitrile derivatives (1 and 2) and their peripherally and non-peripherally tetra (4-isopropylbenzyl)oxy-substituted zinc and chloroindium phthalocyanine complexes (3-6) have been prepared for the first time. The synthesized phthalonitrile derivatives and phthalocyanine complexes were characterized spectroscopically. Not only the chloroindium phthalocyanines but also zinc phthalocyanines are essentially free from aggregation in THF at the studied micromolar concentration. The purpose is to compare the effects of two types of substitution on the phthalocyanines to be used as sensitizers in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Photophysical and photochemical properties of all phthalocyanines are investigated and the results showed that the peripheral phthalocyanines more effectively photooxidize DPBF through singlet oxygen. The photochemical results showed that both ZnPc (3 and 5) and InPc (4 and 6) can be used as sensitizers in PDT because of their very high singlet oxygen quantum yields (range from 0.80 to 0.97).
关键词： Singlet Oxygen,Photosensitizer,Phthalocyanines,Photodynamic Therapy
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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SwissKnife-Inspired Multifunctional Fluorescence Probes for Cellular Organelle Targeting Based on Simple AIEgens
摘要： Facile, efficient and mass production of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminogens (AIEgens) with excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) characteristics was achieved by one-step condensation reaction of 2-(hydrazonomethyl)phenol with benzaldehydes. The function of as-prepared AIEgens could be tuned easily by varying the functional group carrying on the phenyl ring of benzaldehyde just like Swiss knife handle. The suitable distance and angle of intramolecular hydrogen bond in these AIEgens endowed them with ESIPT properties, intense solid-state luminescence and large Stokes shifts (155?169 nm). These AIEgens could not only serve as biological probes showing specific targeting to lipid droplets, endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes, respectively, but also generate reactive oxygen species upon visible light irradiation to make them promise for photodynamic therapy.
关键词： Fluorescence probes,Aggregation-induced emission,Excited-state intramolecular proton transfer,Photodynamic therapy,Organelle-targeting
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Chlorin e6 and halogen light as a sebostatic photomedicine modulates linoleic acid-induced lipogenesis
摘要： Introduction Backgrounds: Chlorin e6-mediated photodynamic therapy (Ce6-PDT) showed anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory effects on acne vulgaris model previously. Excess sebum production in sebocytes is a crucial cause of acne. However, information on the effect of Ce6-PDT associated with lipogenesis in sebocytes has not been reported so far. Methods: The oil red O staining, triglyceride assay and cholesterol assay were used to investigate lipid synthesis in human sebocytes. The expressions of various molecular signals associated with lipogenesis were examined by western blot analysis. Results: Ce6-PDT reduced the lipid content of cultured sebocytes. The inactivation of Akt, mTOR, Raptor, PPARγ and C/EBPα, as well as the activation of AMPK, were revealed to be the molecular signals associated with sebostatic modulation by Ce6-PDT. Conclusion: Ce6-PDT using halogen light exerts anti-lipogenesis in sebocytes and may be utilized for the treatment of acne vulgaris.
关键词： Sebocytes,Anti-lipogenesis,Photodynamic therapy,Halogen light,Ce6
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Porphyrin–High-Density Lipoprotein: A Novel Photosensitizing Nanoparticle for Lung Cancer Therapy
摘要： Background. We have developed ultrasmall porphyrin–high-density lipoprotein (HDL) nanoparticles (<20 nm), called “porphyrinHDL,” that have a high density of porphyrin molecules and dissociate rapidly upon tumor cell accumulation to become ?uorescent and photoactive. This is introduced as a novel activatable photosensitizer for image-guided photodynamic therapy (PDT). Here, we report the studies of these nanoparticles targeted to scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) expressed on lung cancer cells as a ?rst step toward development of a minimally invasive treatment for peripheral lung cancer and metastatic lymph nodes of advanced lung cancer. Methods. The in vitro uptake of porphyrinHDL and the corresponding PDT ef?cacy were evaluated in both SR-BI–positive and SR-BI–negative lung cancer cell lines. A clinically relevant orthotopic lung cancer model in mice was used to examine ?uorescence activation and quanti?cation of uptake in tumor. In addition, we investigated the effect of porphyrinHDL-mediated PDT. Results. PorphyrinHDL promoted proper intracellular uptake in the H460 human lung cancer cell line. When irradiated with a 671-nm PDT laser, porphyrinHDL produced signi?cant therapeutic effectiveness in vitro. After systemic administration in mice with orthotopic lung cancer xenografts, porphyrinHDL demonstrated selective accumulation and photoactivation in tumor with signi?cantly enhanced disease-to-normal tissue contrast. Moreover, porphyrinHDL-PDT signi?cantly induced cell apoptosis in lung tumors (73.2%) without toxicity in normal tissues or damage to adjacent critical structures. Conclusions. SR-BI–targeted porphyrinHDL-mediated PDT of lung cancer is selective and effective in vitro and in vivo. These initial proof-of-principle studies suggest the potential of a “smart” PDT approach for highly selective tumor ablation.
关键词： Nanoparticles,PorphyrinHDL,Lung cancer,Scavenger receptor class B type I,Photodynamic therapy
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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Topical treatment with oleocanthal extract in reducing inflammatory reactions after photodynamic therapy: a prospective quasi-experimental pilot study
摘要： Objective: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective treatment against skin field cancerization. Its main side effect is local inflammation in the treated area. The phenolic compound oleocanthal (decarboxy methyl ligstroside aglycone), which is present in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), has anti-inflammatory properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the topical efficacy of an oily fluid enriched with oleocanthal (OC) extract, in comparison with a conventional oily fluid, in reducing the degree of inflammatory reaction after conventional PDT. Methods: Quasi-experimental pilot study, before-after with a control group, performed with a cohort of consecutive patients diagnosed with actinic keratosis/field cancerization (AK/FC) in the forehead and/or scalp, treated by PDT. The study was carried out from April 2016 to November 2017 at a speciality hospital in southern Spain. A group of 24 consecutive patients received the topical application, three times daily for one week, of an emollient oily fluid in the area treated with PDT. Subsequently, another group, of 23 consecutive patients, received the same treatment pattern with an oily fluid enriched with OC extract. The post-PDT inflammatory reaction was measured by an independent member of the hospital's dermatology department, using the following visual scale of erythema (from 0 to 4). The assessment was conducted at 30 min and at 48 h post-PDT. Results: In the assessment at 48 h after treatment, the inflammation had improved more among the patients treated with OC (median: 25%, 95%CI: -5.3 to 28.5) than in the non-OC group (median: 0%; 95%CI: -45.2 to -6.2). The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.01), and the Cohen's d value was 0.89 (large effect). At three months after PDT, a complete response had been obtained by 60.9% of the patients treated with OC compared to 29.2% of the non-OC group, and the difference was close to statistical significance (p=0.059). Conclusions: The topical application of an oily fluid enriched with OC extract achieved a greater reduction in post-PDT cutaneous inflammation and a better treatment response, in comparison with the application of a conventional oily fluid.
关键词： Skin barrier,Oleocanthal,Emulsions,Virgin olive oil,Skin physiology,Photodynamic therapy
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52