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The capabilities and hope of the combination the new forms of personalized colon cancer treatment – immunotherapy and immune photodynamic therapy
摘要： Introduction: PDT can interfere with cytokine-mediated responses that play an important role in the processes of cancer progression, tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Therefore, based on the identification of these cancer biomarkers, the therapy of combining various forms of treatment, including immunotherapy and PDT, may be a justified strategy for colorectal cancer treatment that focuses on individualized comprehensive therapy. Method: We reviewed the major approaches on the use of immunotherapy in colorectal cancer, with the special regard to photodynamic therapy, its immunological effect and new oncological treatment directions, connected with adjuvant immunotherapy including use of nanoparticles. Databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect and Springer were utilized to search the literature for relevant articles. Purpose: To review studies of the immunotherapy in colon cancer and immune response to PDT. Conclusion: Based on the identification of immunological cancer biomarkers, the therapy of combining various forms of treatment, including immunotherapy and PDT, may be a justified strategy for colorectal cancer treatment that focuses on individualized comprehensive therapy.
关键词： cytokines,photodynamic therapy,colorectal cancer,immunotherapy
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Sequential Photodynamic Therapy with Phthalocyanine Encapsulated Chitosan-Tripolyphosphate Nanoparticles and Flucytosine Treatment against Candida tropicalis
摘要： Antibiotic resistance has become a crisis. Candida tropicalis (C. tropicalis) is one of the most highly virulent and drug-resistant pathogens. An alternative antimicrobial therapy to eradicate C. tropicalis effectively, without the risk of developing drug-resistance, is needed. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an alternative therapy that does not carry the risk of undesired drug resistance. To target the pathogens and to enhance the cellular penetration of the applied photosensitizer, we fabricated cationic chitosan/tripolyphosphate nanoparticles to encapsulate phthalocyanine. Our strategy promotes the uptake of phthalocyanine four-fold. This enhanced PDT can effectively inhibit planktonic C. tropicalis, such that only ~20% of C. tropicalis in the test survived; but it has a limited ability to inhibit adherent C. tropicalis. Further tests with adherent C. tropicalis indicated that sequential treatment with PDT and flucytosine significantly eliminates pseudohyphae and yeast-like C. tropicalis cells. The cell viability is only ~10% after this sequential treatment. This study provides evidence of an effective therapy against drug resistant C. tropicalis, and this strategy can be potentially applied to other pathogens.
关键词： photodynamic therapy,chitosan,Candida tropicalis,phthalocyanine,flucytosine
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Photophysicochemical properties and photodynamic therapy activity of chloroindium(III) tetraarylporphyrins and their gold nanoparticle conjugates
摘要： Novel chloroindium(III) complexes of tetra(4-methylthiophenyl)porphyrin (2a) and tetra-2-thienylporphyrin (2b) dyes have been synthesized and characterized. The main goal of the project was to identify fully symmetric porphyrin dyes with Q-band regions that lie partially in the therapeutic window that are suitable for use in photodynamic therapy (PDT). 2a and 2b were found to have fluorescence quantum yield values ≤ 0.01 and moderately high singlet oxygen quantum yields (0.54?0.73) due to heavy atom effects associated with the sulfur and indium atoms. The dark toxicity and PDT activity against epithelial breast cancer cells (MCF-7) were investigated over a dose range of 3.0?40 mg . mL-1. The in vitro dark cytotoxicity of 2a is significantly lower than that of 2b at ≤ 40 mg . mL-1. 2a was conjugated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to form a nanoconjugate (2a-AuNPs), which exhibited a higher singlet oxygen quantum yield (FD) value and PDT activity than was observed for 2a alone. The results suggest that the AuNPs nanoconjugates of readily synthesized fully symmetric porphyrin dyes are potentially suitable for PDT applications, if meso-aryl substituents that provide scope for nanoparticle conjugation can be introduced that shift the Q bands into the therapeutic window.
关键词： porphyrins,photophysics,dark toxicity,singlet oxygen,gold nanoparticles,photodynamic therapy
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Enhancement of cytotoxic effect on human head and neck cancer cells by?combination of photodynamic therapy and sulforaphan
摘要： Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a method to treat cancers using photosensitizer and light. PDT has been tried for several tumors. However, the clinical applications are limited by the toxicity of photosensitizer and narrow effect. Sulforaphane (SFN) is a material of isothiocyanate group and known to have anticancer effect. We evaluated the cytotoxic effect of PDT combined with SFN on human head and neck cancer cells. We measured the cell viability, extent of apoptosis and necrosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and caspase activation. Cell viability was decreased significantly by combination treatment. Cellular apoptosis and necrosis were increased in combination treatment compared to SFN or PDT. ROS generation was also higher in combination treatment than single treatment. In combination treatment group, apoptosis and necrosis were decreased by administration of sodium azide (SA) which is scavenger of ROS. Increased caspase activation in combination treatment was also inhibited by SA. Combination of PDT and SFN led to enhanced cytotoxic effect on head and neck cancer cells. Combination treatment promoted the ROS generation, which induced cell death through activation of caspase pathway.
关键词： Sulforaphane,Reactive oxygen species,Head and neck cancer,Photodynamic therapy
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Decreased phototoxicity of photodynamic therapy by Cx32/Cx26-composed GJIC: A “Good Samaritan” effect
摘要： Background and Objective: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been widely used to treat malignant tumors. Our previous studies indicated that connexin (Cx) 32- and Cx26-composed gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) could improve the phototoxicity of PDT. However, the role of heterotypic Cx32/Cx26-formed GJIC in PDT phototoxicity is still unknown. Thus, the present study was aimed to investigate the effect of Cx32/Cx26-formed GJIC on PDT efficacy. Methods: CCK8 assay was used to detect cell survival after PDT. Western blot assay was utilized to detect Cx32/Cx26 expression. "Parachute" dye-coupling assay was performed to measure the function of GJ channels. The intracellular Ca2+ concentrations were determined using flow cytometer. ELISA assay was performed to detect the intracellular levels of PGE2 and cAMP. Results: The present study demonstrates there is a Cx32/Cx26-formed GJIC-dependent reduction of phototoxicity when cells were exposure to low concentration of Photofrin. Such a protective action is missing at low cell density due to the lack of GJ coupling. Under high-cell density condition, where there is opportunity for the cells to contact each other and form GJ, suppressing Cx32/Cx26-formed GJIC by either inhibiting the expression of Cx32/Cx26 or pretreating with GJ channel inhibitor augments PDT phototoxicity after cells were treated with at 2.5 mg/ml Photofrin. The above results suggest that at low Photofrin concentration, the presence of Cx32/Cx26-formed GJIC may decrease the phototoxicity of PDT, leading to the insensitivity of malignant cells to PDT treatment. The GJIC-mediated PDT insensitivity was associated with Ca2+ and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signaling pathways. Conclusion: The present study provides a cautionary note that for tumors expressing Cx32/Cx26, the presence of Cx32/Cx26-composed GJIC may cause the resistance of tumor cells to PDT. Oppositely, treatment strategies designed to downregulate the expression of Cx32/Cx26 or restrain the function of Cx32/Cx26-mediated GJIC may increase the sensitivity of malignant cell to PDT.
关键词： gap junctional intercellular communication,photodynamic therapy,Cx32/Cx26
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Antimicrobial efficacy of photodynamic therapy on dental implant surfaces: A systematic review of in vitro studies
摘要： Background: To systematically review the literature regarding the antimicrobial effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the multi-bacterial species and the possible surface alterations of the dental implants as a result of PDT. Methods: The addressed focused question was: “Does PDT show antimicrobial efficacy against multi-bacterial species colonization and result in surface alteration on dental implants?” Electronic databases including MEDLINE and EMBASE up to and including December 2018 were searched. Results: Seven studies were included. Two studies used a total of 110 titanium dental implants, while 1 study included a total of 72 zirconia dental implants. Three studies investigated the antimicrobial PDT effects on titanium discs, while 1 study used titanium plates with germanium prisms. All in-vitro studies used diode laser. Energy fluence was reported only in 2 studies. Power output and density were 100 milliwatts (mW) and 150 mW cm-2, respectively. All in-vitro studies reported the multibacterial species outcomes after the application of antimicrobial PDT. All studies showed a significant reduction in the bacterial load. Only two studies reported the outcomes of microstructural changes on the titanium surface, in which both studies did not report any significant alterations on the titanium implants or discs with the application of PDT. Conclusion: This systematic review demonstrated significant reduction in the bacterial load but inconclusive findings regarding structural alterations on the titanium surface with the use of PDT. The results of this review should be considered preliminary and further in-vitro studies with standardized laser parameters are needed to obtain strong conclusions.
关键词： systematic review,titanium surface,dental implants,photodynamic therapy,bacterial load
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Smart NIR-Light-Mediated Nanotherapeutic Agents for Enhancing Tumor Accumulation and Overcoming Hypoxia in Synergistic Cancer Therapy
摘要： The efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) still shows limited success in clinical application due to hypoxia in the solid tumor, low tumor accumulation and limited light penetration depth of photosensitizers (PS). The previously reported MnO2-based nanotherapeutic agents always required intratumoral injection or complex targeting modification process to improve the therapeutic efficacy. Herein, new MnO2-based nanotherapeutic agents (honeycomb MnO2/IR780/BSA nanoparticles, HMIB NPs) are designed and prepared to achieve excellent phototherapeutic performance characterized by NIR-light-mediation, deep diffusion via TME response and O2 self-supply. The ex vivo and in vivo NIR fluorescence imaging results demonstrate that the honeycomb nanostructure of HMIB NPs facilitates the high tumor accumulation of hydrophobic IR780 via enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect after intravenous injection. The immunofluorescence results demonstrate that the TME response of HMIB NPs not only provides O2 for relieving hypoxia but also reduces size for improving deep intratumoral diffusion. As a result, under the synergy of NIR fluorescence imaging, photothermal effect and PDT of IR780 with TME responsive size-change and O2 self-supply of honeycomb MnO2, the HMIB NPs have achieved all-in-one NIR fluorescence and photothermal dual-model imaging guided synergistic PDT/PTT under a single-wavelength NIR light irradiation.
关键词： nanotherapeutic agents,tumor microenvironment responsive degradation,photodynamic therapy,hypoxia,honeycomb manganese dioxide
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Heteroleptic Ir(III)N6 Complexes with Long-Lived Triplet Excited States and In Vitro Photobiological Activities
摘要： A series of cationic heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes bearing tris-diimine ligands [Ir(phen)2(R-phen)]3+ (R-phen = phenanthroline (1), 3,8-diphenylphenanthroline (2), 3,8-dipyrenylphenanthroline (3), 3-phenylphenanthroline (4), 3-pyrenylphenanthroline (5), and 3,8-diphenylethynylphenanthroline (6)) were synthesized and characterized. These complexes possessed phen ligand-localized 1π,π* transitions below 300 nm, and charge transfer (1CT) and/or 1π,π* transitions between 300 and 520 nm. In 1, 2, 4, and 6, the low-energy bands were mixed 1CT/1π,π*. However, the increased π-donating ability of the pyrenyl substituent(s) in 3 and 5 split the low-energy bands into a pyrene-based 1π,π* transition at 300-380 nm and an intraligand charge transfer (1ILCT) transition at 380-520 nm. All complexes were emissive at room temperature in CH3CN, but the parentage of the emitting state varied depending on the R substituent(s). Complex 1 exhibited predominantly phen ligand-localized 3π,π* emission mixed with metal-to-ligand charge transfer (3MLCT) character, while the emission of 2, 4, and 6 was predominantly from the excited-state with 3π,π*/3ILCT/3MLCT character. The emission from 3 and 5 was dominated by pyrene-based 3π,π* states mixed with 3ILCT character. The different natures of the lowest triplet excited states were also reflected by the different spectral features and lifetimes of the triplet transient absorption of these complexes. Complexes 3 and 5 had singlet oxygen quantum yields as high as 81 and 72%, respectively. Both gave submicromolar phototoxicities toward cancer cells (SK-MEL-28 human melanoma) and bacteria (S. aureus and S. mutans) with visible light activation (and marginal to no photobiological activity with red light). Their visible-light phototherapeutic indices (PIs) toward SK-MEL-28 cells were 248 for 3 and >435 for 5; PIs were lower in bacteria (≤62) due to their inherent antimicrobial activities. Both complexes were shown to produce substantial amounts of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may account for their photobiological activities.
关键词： photophysics,photodynamic therapy,long-lived triplet excited state,antimicrobial,photobiological activities,reactive oxygen species,heteroleptic Ir(III) trisdiimine complexes
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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An Update on Topical Photodynamic Therapy for Clinical Dermatologists
摘要： Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the application of a topical photosensitizer, irradiation with light, and oxygen to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species that selectively destroy damaged cells while leaving normal skin intact. Topical PDT is a commonly used treatment for non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) due to its excellent clearance rate and cosmetic outcomes. However, PDT is emerging as an off-label treatment modality for many dermatological conditions. A literature review using MEDLINE was performed to identify randomized controlled trials conducted for currently approved and off-label clinical indications and photosensitizers for PDT between 2012 and 2018. The photosensitizer indole-3 acetic acid reduces the incubation time (<30 minutes), avoids the need for photoprotection after irradiation, and inflicts minimal pain. Cyclic PDT in individuals with evidence of field cancerization delays the mean time of actinic keratosis appearance and reduces the total number of new actinic keratoses. Substantial evidence exists outlining the utility of PDT in photorejuvenation due to its ability to improve skin texture, wrinkles, and firmness. The addition of microdermabrasion, microneedling, curettage, or various lasers improves clinical efficacy and cosmetic outcomes. PDT applications are expanding rapidly. Clinicians must stay up to date regarding the efficacy and safety of PDT applications.
关键词： non-melanoma skin cancer,daylight PDT,dermatology,PDT,actinic keratosis,photodynamic therapy
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Encapsulation of zinc phthalocyanine into bovine serum albumin aggregates
摘要： Artificial hybridization of molecules with proteins is beneficial for biomedical applications. Herein, we describe a novel method for encapsulation of zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) aggregates into bovine serum albumin (BSA) aggregates, but not monomeric BSA. This property is potentially useful for not only photodynamic or photothermal therapy but also development of a novel delivery system for hydrophobic drug molecules.
关键词： Gel-filtration chromatography,Photosensitizer,Aggregation,Bovine serum albumin,Phthalocyanine,Photodynamic therapy
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29