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A Sensing Peak Identification Method for Fiber Extrinsic Fabry–Perot Interferometric Refractive Index Sensing
摘要： Chronic liver disease is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. The most common causes of liver disease include non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), chronic hepatitis C virus infection, alcoholic liver disease, and chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Through a discussion of various surveillance methods as well as their strengths and weaknesses, we review the epidemiology, risk factors, and natural history of each of these diseases and discuss prevention measures that have been effective in decreasing incidence rates.
关键词： Epidemiology,Hepatitis c,Liver diseases,Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,Prevalence,Incidence,Hepatitis b,Alcoholic
更新于2025-09-23 15:23:52
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The Prevalence and Risk Factors for Diabetic Retinopathy in Shiraz, Southern Iran
摘要： Globally, diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of blindness, that diminishes quality of life. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of DR, and its associated risk factors. This cross-sectional study was carried out among 478 diabetic patients in a referral center in Fars province, Iran. The mean±standard deviation age of the participants was 56.64±12.45 years old and DR prevalence was 32.8%. In multivariable analysis, lower education levels (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24 to 0.76), being overweight (aOR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.02 to 2.83) or obese (aOR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.09 to 3.26), diabetes duration of 10 to 20 years (aOR, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.48 to 3.73) and over 20 years (aOR, 5.63; 95% CI, 2.97 to 10.68), receiving insulin (aOR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.27 to 3.10), and having chronic diseases (aOR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.02 to 2.85) were significantly associated with DR. In conclusion, longer diabetes duration and obesity or having chronic diseases are strongly associated with DR suggesting that control of these risk factors may reduce both the prevalence and impact of retinopathy in Iran.
关键词： Diabetic retinopathy,Prevalence,Diabetes,Diabetes duration,Risk factors,Insulin
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Clinical Characteristics, Mutation Spectrum, and Prevalence of ?land Eye Disease/Incomplete Congenital Stationary Night Blindness in Denmark
摘要： PURPOSE. To assess clinical characteristics, foveal structure, mutation spectrum, and prevalence rate of ?Aland eye disease (AED)/incomplete congenital stationary night blindness (iCSNB). METHODS. A retrospective survey included individuals diagnosed with AED at a national low-vision center from 1980 to 2014. A subset of affected males underwent ophthalmologic examinations including psychophysical tests, full-?eld electroretinography, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. RESULTS. Over the 34-year period, 74 individuals from 35 families were diagnosed with AED. Sixty individuals from 29 families participated in a follow-up study of whom 59 harbored a CACNA1F mutation and 1 harbored a CABP4 mutation. Among the subjects with a CACNA1F mutation, subnormal visual acuity was present in all, nystagmus was present in 63%, and foveal hypoplasia was observed in 25/43 subjects. Foveal pit volume was signi?cantly reduced as compared to normal (P < 0.0001). Additionally, outer segment length at the fovea was measured in 46 subjects and found to be signi?cantly reduced as compared to normal (P < 0.001). Twenty-nine CACNA1F variations were detected among 34 families in the total cohort, and a novel CABP4 variation was identi?ed in one family. The estimated mean birth prevalence rate was 1 per 22,000 live-born males. CONCLUSIONS. Our data support the viewpoint that AED, iCSNB, and X-linked cone–rod dystrophy 3 are designations that refer to a broad, continuous spectrum of clinical appearances caused in the majority by a variety of mutations in CACNA1F. We argue that the original designation AED should be used for this entity.
关键词： prevalence,iCSNB,?Aland eye disease,CSNB2A,CACNA1F,OCT,CABP4
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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The effect of ranibizumab and aflibercept treatment on the prevalence of outer retinal tubulation and its influence on retreatment in neovascular age-related macular degeneration
摘要： Background: We aimed to analyze the differences in the prevalence of outer retinal tubulation (ORT) in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents, either aflibercept or ranibizumab. Our further aim was to examine the changes in the frequency of injections of ranibizumab before and after ORT appearance. Methods: Two hundred thirty six eyes of 230 patients were included in the study (184 eyes treated with ranibizumab by pro re nata regimen (PRN), 52 eyes with aflibercept bimonthly) and followed for 6–24 months. Using optical coherence tomography (OCT), the first appearance of ORT was documented, and fixed time point evaluations were also made every six months to determine the existence of ORT. The number of injections, the presence or absence of subretinal hyperreflective material (SHRM) at treatment initiation and visual acuity were also noted. Results: The survival analysis with Cox proportional hazard model showed no significant difference between the ranibizumab and aflibercept groups in relation to the development of ORT (p = 0.79, hazard ratio 0.92). In the PRN treated ranibizumab group the number of injections showed significant decrease after ORT development (p = 0.004). When SHRM was present at treatment initiation the chance of developing ORT was 2.75 and 11.14 times higher in the ranibizumab and aflibercept groups, respectively. Conclusions: The prevalence of ORT increased over time independently from the chosen anti-VEGF drug. Our results suggest that upon the appearance of ORT a decrease in retreatments can be expected.
关键词： Prevalence,Anti-VEGF,Outer retinal tubulation,Subretinal hyperreflective material,Aflibercept,Retreatment
更新于2025-09-10 09:29:36