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Design Concepts for the Integration of Electronic Components into Metal Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion Parts
摘要： Additive manufacturing (AM) stands out from other manufacturing processes because it enables covering the functionality of an assembly by one single component only. In order to further increase the functional density in AM parts, it is of interest to integrate sensors in metal components during the Laser-based Powder Bed Fusion manufacturing process. This paper presents design concepts that facilitate an automated integration process of electronic components by using specific and individual criteria. In consideration of an automated embedding process, a standardized solid is outlined to unify different sensor types in a design space.
关键词： design concepts,embedded electronics,laser-based powder bed fusion,additive manufacturing,sensor integration
更新于2025-09-19 17:13:59
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Automated Manufacturing of Mechatronic Parts by Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion
摘要： The powder-bed-based laser beam melting process (L-PBF) has become one of the most reliable and popular additive manufacturing technologies in the field of industrial production of metal components. Moreover, it is constantly evolving to ensure lower costs due to higher productivity as well as to enable the processing of new materials, such as tungsten or copper-alloys. In terms of machine developments, a number of trends are observable. On the one hand, machines become able to produce multi-material parts with an arbitrary distribution of at least two different materials. Therefore, the existing powder delivery system must be adapted. As multiple approaches for doing so already exist, it must be decided which is the most suitable. On the other hand, a further goal is to integrate sensors or actuators automatically, to create structural parts with fully encapsulated electronic components. For this automated process, a pick-and-place concept must be developed and integrated into an existing L-PBF machine. To implement this automated process extension, several adjustments to the system must be implemented. This paper presents approaches for realising the described concepts and the first results of the adapted manufacturing processes.
关键词： smart parts,automated actuator integration,multi-material,powder bed fusion,additive manufacturing,L-PBF process enhancement,automated sensor integration,selective laser melting,SLM
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Empirical cross sensor comparison of Sentinel-2A and 2B MSI, Landsat-8 OLI, and Landsat-7 ETM+ top of atmosphere spectral characteristics over the conterminous United States
摘要： Remote sensing landscape monitoring approaches frequently benefit from a dense time series of observations. To enhance these time series, data from multiple satellite systems need to be integrated. Landsat image data is a valuable 30-meter resolution source of spatial information to assess forest conditions over time. Together both operational Landsat satellites—7 and 8—provide a revisit frequency of 8 days at the equator. This moderate temporal frequency provides essential information to detect annual large area abrupt land cover changes. However, the ability to measure subtle and short lived intraseasonal changes is challenged by gaps in Landsat imagery at key points in time. The first Sentinel-2 satellite mission was launched by the European Space Agency in 2015. This moderate resolution data stream provides an opportunity to supplement the Landsat data record. The objective of this study is to assess the potential for integrating top of atmosphere Landsat and Sentinel 2 image data archived in the Google Earth Engine compute environment. In this paper we assess absolute and proportional differences in near-contemporaneous observations for six bands with comparable spectral response functions and spatial resolution between the Sentinel-2 Multi Spectral Instrument and Landsat Operational Land Imager and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus imagery. We assessed differences using absolute difference metrics and major axis linear regression between over 10,000 image pairs across the conterminous United States and present cross sensor transformation models. Major axis linear regression results indicate that Sentinel MSI data are as spectrally comparable to the two types of Landsat image data as the Landsat sensors are with each other. Root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) values ranging from 0.0121 to 0.0398 were obtained between MSI and Landsat spectral values, and RMSD values ranging from 0.0124 and 0.0372 were obtained between OLI and ETM+. Despite differences in their spatial, spectral, and temporal characteristics, integration of these datasets appears to be feasible through the application of bandwise linear regression corrections.
关键词： Sensor integration,ETM+,Sentinel-2,MSI,OLI,Time series,Change detection,Landsat
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46