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Sustainability evaluation of community-based, solar photovoltaic projects in Malawi
摘要： Background: A novel project sustainability framework is used to evaluate 65 off-grid solar photovoltaic (PV) energy system projects in Malawi. This study addresses PV projects serving rural public facilities, a solution known to have had historical issues with poor sustainability. A recent countrywide program targeting such facilities was evaluated against existing projects to determine whether this latest iteration offered better results. Method: Sustainability is defined at the project-level with metrics justified under the main themes of technical, economic, social, and organizational. Data captured for each project is based on a custom survey and interview of key stakeholders. Projects are grouped according to age, project implementer, income level, and PV system size to compare relative results. Results: The sustainability outlook for each project is evaluated. We find sustainability for most projects to be low. Social sustainability was weak with many projects due to low local community stakeholder engagement in terms of numbers of stakeholders, meeting frequency, and community contributions. Organizational challenges included a lack of key management positions in place and extremely limited training provisions. Furthermore, the evaluation highlights the economic health of the system to be key to sustainability, with the “healthiest” projects affording only 37% of expected operations and maintenance costs. Relative to expected demand, systems were found to be undersized for both panels (53% of required) and batteries (57%). Users reported achieving only 60% of their desired consumption. Poor sizing standards related to the lack of load profiles for first-time electricity users as well as poor quality components reduced the overall technical sustainability. Conclusion: Rural public facilities with solar PV in Malawi are not well served by isolated community management. Improved sustainability requires the establishment of a robust financial framework prior to project development that includes formal local government support. This paper discusses ideal management frameworks and their ultimate implications for project developers, policy makers, and the research community.
关键词： Evaluation,Solar photovoltaics,Sustainability,Indicator frameworks,Rural public facilities,Community energy
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Demonstrating the benefits of thermoelectric‐coupled solar PV system in microgrid challenging conventional integration issues of renewable resources
摘要： Incorporation of solar photovoltaic (SPV) and thermoelectric (TE), termed as solar photovoltaic‐thermoelectric (SPV‐TE) hybrid system, is found be a very promising technique in widening the utilization of solar spectrum and improving the power yield viably cum‐proficiently. This hybrid architecture caters thermal energy, which signifies upon electrical energy with additional harnessing of solar insolation in an exceptional way. The implementation of the aforementioned system in microgrid (MG) leads to procurement of higher active power and comparably lesser reactive power to the system. Many non-conventional energy sources have been implemented for power generation in MG in spite of their instability and reconciliation issues. This article portrays upon the main concern of implementing only SPV‐TE system in MG by considering two systems to analyze and compare. Those two systems, ie, SPV‐wind energy system (SPV‐WES)/fuel cell technology (FCT) and SPV‐thermoelectric generator (SPV‐TEG)‐WES/FCT, were analyzed and validated over the employment of only the SPV‐TEG system. For WES and FCT, the proposed system delivers higher active power near about 20% to 70% over the conventional MG and the TEG‐integrated MG; 21% to 52% lesser reactive power is absorbed over the conventional MG and 7% to 17% higher reactive power is absorbed over the TEG‐integrated MG. This, thus, brings about the lesser multifaceted nature in source incorporation and moderating the cons of coordinating WES and FCT, considering all its application. The proposed replaceable SPV‐TEG framework in MG is observed to exceed expectations over the two frameworks offering ascend to a noteworthy leap forward in advancement of SPV. The whole system was studied, analyzed, and validated in MATLAB/Simulink environment.
关键词： active power,progress in solar photovoltaics,reactive power,SPV‐TEG hybrid system,thermoelectric system,solar photovoltaics,renewable resources,microgrid
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Role on nanofluids in cooling solar photovoltaic cell to enhance overall efficiency
摘要： The electrical conversion efficiency of Solar photovoltaic module strongly depends on the operating temperature. Only up to 20% of the incident solar irradiation is converted to electricity and rest energy either reflected back to atmosphere or converted into heat and thereby increasing the cell temperature. As the cell temperature rises, the electrical efficiency decreases. There is need to cool down temperature of the solar photovoltaic panel to get maximum electrical conversion efficiency. Researchers have implemented many techniques for cooling solar PV by active and passive cooling technique. Active cooling uses air, water, nanofluids etc for cooling where as in passive cooling uses of phase change materials like paraffin wax, eutectics, organic materials, cotton wick etc for the cooling purpose. Nanofluids are used to bring down the temperature of the panel by increasing the thermal conductivity of base fluids. In this paper, emphasis has been given to present the effect of nanofluids as coolant in solar photovoltaic panel.
关键词： Nanofluids,Electrical conversion efficiency,Solar Photovoltaics,Thermal conductivity,Overall efficiency
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Life span and overall performance enhancement of Solar Photovoltaic cell using water as coolant: A recent review
摘要： In today’s world, as electricity consumption is increasing, people are more dependent on electricity. Solar Photovoltaic system is one method to generate electricity. The conversion efficiency of solar photovoltaic panel depends on atmospheric condition and reflection. The operating temperature of photovoltaic module plays an important role in performance of PV system as efficiency of PV system decreases when temperature module increases. The operating photovoltaic cells at high temperature degrades the material of it in long time. Operating solar photovoltaic at lower temperature will increase its lifespan. This will reduce module surface area by increasing overall output power. Researchers have proposed and tested several cooling techniques for the panel. One of the most common and effective way to cool PV module is used of water as coolant. In this paper, efforts made by various researchers to cool down solar photovoltaic module to increase the efficiency using water application have been discussed. The application of water on front surface, rear surface, both front and rear surface have been reviewed extensively. The performance of module by immersion in water also have been reported.
关键词： Nanofluids,Electrical conversion efficiency,Solar Photovoltaics,Thermal conductivity,Overall efficiency
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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[IEEE 2018 2nd International Conference on Energy Conservation and Efficiency (ICECE) - Lahore, Pakistan (2018.10.16-2018.10.17)] 2018 2nd International Conference on Energy Conservation and Efficiency (ICECE) - Cost Optimization of Hybrid Microgrid using Solar PV, Fuel Cell and Diesel Generator in HOMER
摘要： DC microgrids comprising of hybrid distributed generation is a welcoming trend in renewable systems based power generation. It is also considered as a viable solution to provide electricity to the rural areas in underdeveloped countries. Distributed generation is beneficial because it reduces the transmission losses, has less environmental hazards, and is comparatively cheaper when renewables are employed. In this paper, a hybrid microgrid is proposed for the irrigation system in Gujranwala. The system is designed in Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER). The solar resource data is obtained from National Solar Radiation Database. The different sources considered in this case include solar photovoltaic (PV), hydrogen gas based fuel cell, and diesel generator. An optimization analysis is performed and a comparative study is completed in HOMER based on the sensitivity variables chosen. The various design configurations are evaluated and the optimal design is chosen based on load demand, available resources, and the cost of energy.
关键词： fuel cells,hydrogen storage,DC pump,HOMER,Solar photovoltaics
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46