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Carbon Dots as Theranostic Agents || Carbon Dots for Cell Imaging and Diagnostics
摘要： Not only CDs, but many carbon allotropes showing graphitic structure, i.e., honeycomb-like arrangement of carbon atoms, have shown potential for various applications in electronic devices in biosensors and bioimaging agents. Some examples of these are 0D fullerene [274], diamond nanocrystals [123] and carbon dots (CDs), as well as 1D CNT [275], 2D graphene QD (GQDs) [276] and graphene [277]. However, it must be mentioned here that although CDs and GQDs have similar quantum-confined fluorescent carbon materials, CDs have been more used as biosensors and bioimaging agents [278]. Both CD and GQD are mainly composed of sp2 carbon, oxygen and nitrogen elements and other doped heteroatoms [24, 101]; the different spatial arrangements of carbon atoms exhibit distinctive physical and chemical properties [279]. Unlike GQD, the CDs do not have perfect crystal structures [42]. Moreover, CDs exhibit luminance at size < 10 nm, whereas GQDs have size up to 100 nm [280, 281] and are luminescent. Generally, CDs display strong optical absorption in the UV region, with a tail extending out into the visible range (Figure 5.1a), i.e., 280–360 nm. The absorption band could be regulated via surface passivation or modification. CDs show the excitation-dependent emission properties in wavelength and intensity (Figure 5.1b). Other properties that make CD more applicable for biomedical applications are their low cost, high quantum yield, abundant source, low cytotoxicity, and superior chemical and photo stability. Wang et al. [282] have evaluated the cytotoxicity of the CDs prepared by different combinations of precursor of CDs and molecules used for surface functionalization. It is found that in terms of their nanoscale structure and configuration CDs are not intrinsically cytotoxic. The cytotoxicity of CD depends on the selection of surface passivation molecules.
关键词： quantum yield,theranostic agents,bioimaging,carbon dots,photoluminescence,biosensors,cytotoxicity
更新于2025-09-23 15:21:01
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Revisiting the cytotoxicity of quantum dots: an in-depth overview
摘要： Recently, medical research has been shifting its focus to nanomedicine and nanotherapeutics in the pursuit of drug development research. Quantum dots (QDs) are a critical class of nanomaterials due to their unique properties, which include optical, electronic, and engineered biocompatibility in physiological environments. These properties have made QDs an attractive biomedical resource such that they have found application as both in vitro labeling and in vivo theranostic (therapy-diagnostic) agents. Considerable research has been conducted exploring the suitability of QDs in theranostic applications, but the cytotoxicity of QDs remains an obstacle. Several types of QDs have been investigated over the past decades, which may be suitable for use in biomedical applications if the barrier of cytotoxicity can be resolved. This review attempts to report and analyze the cytotoxicity of the major QDs along with relevant related aspects.
关键词： Theranostic agents,Quantum dots,Biocompatibility,Cytotoxicity,Biomedical applications
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52