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Advanced Coating Materials || Investigations on Laser Surface Modification of Commercially Pure Titanium Using Continuous-Wave Nd:YAG Laser
摘要： Laser transformation hardening, a type of laser heat treatment technique, has advantages over the traditional hardening techniques, which include high precision, automation control with the choices of optimum desired minimum hardened depth of 241 microns (0.241 mm) for low laser beam power: 750 Watts have been achieved in this research work. In the present study, the laser transformation hardening of commercially pure titanium sheet material of thickness being 1.6 mm is investigated using CW (continuous-wave) 1.6-kW solid-state Nd:YAG laser. Commercially pure titanium has widespread application in various fields of industries including the medical, nuclear, automobile, and aerospace. A full factorial design (FFD) with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is employed to establish, optimize, and investigate the relationships of three laser transformation hardening process parameters such as laser power, scanning speed, and focused position on laser hardened bead profile parameters such as hardened bead width, hardened depth, angle of entry of hardened bead profile, heat input, and power density. RSM is used to develop pseudo-closed-form models from the computational parametric studies. Effects of laser process parameters: laser power, scanning speed, and focal point position on laser hardened bead geometries such as hardened bead width, hardened depth, an angle of entry of hardened bead profile, heat input, and power density were carried out using RSM. Results indicate that the scanning speed and laser power have the significant effect as compared to the focal point position on the laser hardening process parameters. The scanning speed has a positive effect on all responses while the laser power has a positive effect particularly on hardened bead width and angle of entry of hardened bead profile as compared to hardened depth and heat input. The optimum laser hardening conditions are identified sequentially to minimize hardened depth, an angle of entry of hardened profile, heat input, power density, and maximum hardened bead width. The validation results demonstrate that the developed models are accurate with low percentages of errors observed.
关键词： bead geometry,full factorial design,response surface methodology,analysis of variance,Laser transformation hardening
更新于2025-09-19 17:15:36
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Optimization of Surface Roughness and Power Consumption in laser-assisted machining of Inconel 718 by Taguchi based Response Surface Methodology
摘要： Inconel 718 a difficult-to-machine material is used in critical aero engines components. Surface roughness (product quality) and power consumption (energy efficiency) are two important benchmark factors for manufacturing industry as it deserves to determine the optimal design points in laser assisted machining (LAM) for sustainability performance of the machining process. Moreover, the optimization of laser beam angle and laser power along with technological parameters (cutting speed, feed rate) is not reported in the literature during laser-assisted machining (LAM) of Inconel 718. In this context, it is worthy to investigate the effects of these parameters on these two quality characteristics during the LAM of this fantastic material. Laser aided machinability experiments are carried out with coated carbide insert at three different cutting speeds (60, 105 and 150 m/min), three different feed rates (0.05, 0.0875 and 0.125 mm/rev), three laser power (1250, 1500 and 1750 W) and three laser beam angle (60, 70, 80 deg) under lased-aided dry cutting conditions. The percent contribution of the main effects of the cutting parameters to the quality parameters is determined using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and predictive linear equations are developed for the estimation of all the quality characteristics. Thereafter, optimal cutting parameters are obtained.
关键词： power consumption,surface roughness,laser parameters,analysis of variance
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Experimental Investigation of Laser Surface Transformation Hardening of 4340 Steel Spur Gears
摘要： This paper presents an experimental investigation of laser surface transformation hardening (LSTH) of 4340 steel spur gears using regression analysis. The experimental work is focused on the effects of various LSTH parameters on the hardness profile shape and the hardened depth variation. The investigations are based on a structured design of experiments and improved statistical analysis tools. The experimentations are carried out on AISI 4340 steel spur gears using a commercial 3 kW Nd:YAG laser system. Laser power, scanning speed, and rotation speed are used as process parameters to evaluate the variation of the hardened depth and to identify the possible relationship between the process parameters and the hardened zone physical and geometrical characteristics. Based on the experimental data and analysis of variance, the direct and interactive contributions of the process parameters on the variation of the hardness profile shape and the hardened depth are analyzed. The main effects and the interaction effects are also evaluated. The results reveal that all the process parameters are relevant. The cumulative contribution of the three parameters in the hardened depth variation represents more than 80% with a clear predominance of laser power. The contribution of the interactions between the parameters represents 12% to 16%. The resulting hardness values are relatively similar for all the experimental tests with about 60 HRC. The evaluation of the produced regression models for hardened depth prediction shows limited performance suggesting that the predictive modeling process can be improved.
关键词： design of experiments,analysis of variance,hardness profile,hardened depth,laser surface transformation hardening,AISI 4340 alloy steel,spur gears
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04