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Effects of Pulsed 810?nm Al‐Ga‐As Diode Laser on Wound Healing Under Immunosuppression: A Molecular Insight
摘要： Background and Objectives: Dysregulated inflammation is one of the major contributing factors for the prevalence of non‐healing chronic wound in immunosuppressed subjects. Photobiomodulation (PBM) has emerged as a potential non‐thermal, light‐based therapeutic healing intervention for the treatment of impaired wounds. Study Design/Materials and Methods: The present study delineates the underlying molecular mechanisms of PBM 810 nm laser‐induced full‐thickness cutaneous wound repair in immunosuppressed rats at continuous and pulsed wave‐mode with power‐density of 40 mW/cm2, fluence 22.6 J/cm2 for 10 minutes daily for 7 post‐wounding days. Molecular markers were assessed using biochemical, assay quantification, enzyme kinetics and immunoblots analyses pertaining to inflammation, oxidative stress, cell survival, calcium signaling, and proliferation cascades. Results: Results distinctly revealed that pulsed 810 nm (10 Hz) PBM potentially influenced the cell survival and proliferation signaling pathway by significantly upregulated phospho‐protein kinase B(phospho‐Akt), phospho‐extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase 1 (ERK1), transient receptor potential vanilloid‐3 (TRPV3), Ca2+, calmodulin, transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1), TGF‐βR3, and Na+/K+‐ATPase pump levels. PBM treatment resulted in reduction of exaggerated inflammatory responses evident by significantly repressed levels of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX‐2), and substance‐P receptor (SPR), as well as inhibited apoptotic cell death by decreasing p53, cytochrome C, and caspase 3 levels (P < 0.05), which, in turn, effectively augment the wound repair in immunosuppressed rats. PBM treatment also lowered 4‐hydroxynoneal (HNE) adduct level and NADP/NADPH ratio and upregulated the GRP78 expression, which might culminate into reduced oxidative stress and maintained the redox homeostasis. Conclusions: Taken together, these findings would be helpful in better understanding of the molecular aspects involved in pulsed 810 nm laser‐mediated dermal wound healing in immunosuppressed rats through regulation of cell survival and proliferation via Ca2+‐calmodulin, Akt, ERK, and redox signaling.
关键词： immunosuppressed,dermal wound healing,inflammation,TRPV3,cell survival,TGF‐β,proliferation signaling cascade,photobiomodulation
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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The Role of Endogenous Neuroprotective Mechanisms in the Prevention of Retinal Ganglion Cells Degeneration
摘要： Retinal neurons are not able to undergo spontaneous regeneration in response to damage. A variety of stressors, i.e., UV radiation, high temperature, ischemia, allergens, and others, induce reactive oxygen species production, resulting in consecutive alteration of stress-response gene expression and finally can lead to cell apoptosis. Neurons have developed their own endogenous cellular protective systems. Some of them are preventing cell death and others are allowing functional recovery after injury. The high efficiency of these mechanisms is crucial for cell survival. In this review we focus on the contribution of the most recently studied endogenous neuroprotective factors involved in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival, among which, neurotrophic factors and their signaling pathways, processes regulating the redox status, and different pathways regulating cell death are the most important. Additionally, we summarize currently ongoing clinical trials for therapies for RGC degeneration and optic neuropathies, including glaucoma. Knowledge of the endogenous cellular protective mechanisms may help in the development of effective therapies and potential novel therapeutic targets in order to achieve progress in the treatment of retinal and optic nerve diseases.
关键词： endogenous neuroprotection,optic neuropathy,retinal ganglion cells,cell survival,stress-response
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14