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Kinetics of pipeline steel corrosion studied by Raman spectroscopy-coupled vertical scanning interferometry
摘要： The corrosion and degradation of materials, such as pipeline steel, have a strong effect on both the environment and the economy. The quantification of these processes can therefore provide important information needed to manage their impact. In this study, a concept for the characterization and quantification of corrosion is demonstrated on API X70 steel immersed in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. Due to the difficulty of quantifying corrosion rates, e.g., through single mean values, a unique system is applied that directly couples Raman spectroscopy with vertical scanning interferometry to assess the physical and chemical aspects of steel corrosion kinetics. Vertical scanning interferometry allows the quantification of the topographical evolution of corrosion product formation and material dissolution in combination with the direct measurements of the respective rates. The Raman spectroscopy provides additional information about the (mineral) phases. Rate variations ranging from uniform corrosion to areas of high pit densities are quantified and analyzed in rate maps and subsequently visualized in rate spectra. The rate distribution is classified into different domains and pitting rates. Thus, a comprehensive quantitative assessment of the characteristic corrosion behavior is discussed.
关键词： pipeline steel,Raman spectroscopy,kinetics,vertical scanning interferometry,corrosion
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14
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Highly transparent conductive reduced graphene oxide/silver nanowires/silver grid electrodes for low-voltage electrochromic smart windows
摘要： Transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) based on hybrid structures (silver nanowires) have been compressively reconnoitered in next-generation electronics such as flexible displays, artificial skins, smart windows, and sensors, owing to their admirable conductivity as well as flexibility, which make them favorable substitutes to replace ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) as a transparent conductor. Nevertheless, silver-based TCEs grieve from poor stability owing to the corrosion and oxidation of silver in electrolytes. To overcome these issues, a RGO (Reduced Graphene Oxide) layer on silver was promote to resolve the difficulties of corrosion and oxidation in the electrolyte. Moreover, we successfully designed and demonstrated low-voltage WO3-based electrochromic devices (ECDs) with fabricated hybrid TCEs. The hybrid electrodes with RGO/silver nanowires/metal grid/PET (RAM) electrode exhibited improvements in the switching stability and optoelectronic properties, such as the sheet resistance (0.714 ohm/sq), as well as optical transparency of 90.9%. The coloration and bleaching behavior of the ECD was observed in an applied low-voltage range of -1.0 to 0.0 V with a maximum optical difference of 72% at 700 nm, which yielded a coloration efficiency (η) of ~33.4 cm2/C. The highly conductive hybrid TCEs exhibit favorable features for numerous embryonic flexible electronics and optoelectronic devices.
关键词： Oxidation,Silver nanowires,Electrochromic devices,Reduced graphene oxide,Corrosion
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14