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Evaluation of photocatalytic thin film pretreatment on anaerobic degradability of exopolymer extracted biosolids for biofuel generation
摘要： This study reports the result of sodium citrate induced exopolymer extraction on the photocatalytic thin film (TiO2) pretreatment efficiency of waste activated sludge (WAS). TiO2 is immobilized through DC spluttering method followed by annealing process. The exopolymer removal of 94.2 % by sodium citrate (0.05 g/g SS) promotes better disintegration. This TiO2 thin film efficiently extricate the intracellular components of exopolymer extracted sludge at 50 minutes increasing the solubilization to 19.33 %. As a result, the exopolymer extracted sludge shows high methane generation (0.24 gCOD/gCOD) than the other (pretreated sludge without exopolymer removal – 0.12 gCOD/gCOD and raw sludge without treatment – 0.075 gCOD/gCOD). The methane generated in sodium citrate induced TiO2 thin film pretreated sludge is 398.99 kWh. In cost analysis, it gives net cost of -57.46 USD/ ton of sludge. In addition, the proposed method also accounts 51.3 % of solid reduction.
关键词： Methane,Photocatalytic oxidation,Sodium citrate,Pretreatment,Cost analysis
更新于2025-09-19 17:15:36
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Feasibility and Cost Analysis of Photovoltaic-Biomass Hybrid Energy System in Off-Grid Areas of Bangladesh
摘要： In this progressing technological advancement world, hybrid systems for power generation is one of the most promising fields for any researcher. In this context, photovoltaic-biomass hybrid systems with off-grid applications have become extremely popular with both Governments and individual users in rural areas of any part of the world. This system has gained popularity because of low cost, sustainability and very effective outcome with the use of natural resources at the rural areas. In this paper a proposed hybrid system which contains photovoltaics (PV) and biomass along with an additional storage has been considered to find the different aspects from an end user point of view. It also discusses the feasibility of the proposed model for an off-grid power system located in the remote areas of Ashuganj, Bangladesh. In order to analyse the pollutant emissions and calculate the cost parameters of the proposed system, RETScreen simulation software was deployed. This research also carries out a brief financial analysis considering the annual income of the end user and the payback periods for the installed system. It endeavours to provide complete information about different parameters which also includes the environmental impacts involved in establishing the proposed system. The conventional system in the pilot area is a kerosene-based system, hence in this research, a comparison between the proposed and the conventional system has been analysed using simulated results. The simple payback of the project was estimated to be 6.9 years and this model will be able to reduce the CO2 emissions by approximately 3.81 tonnes per year. The results have significantly supported the proposed system to be more reliable, environmentally-friendly and less costly than the conventional kerosene-based system.
关键词： feasibility analysis,cost analysis,CO2 emissions,photovoltaics (PV),battery storage,renewable energy,simple payback period,biomass,off-grid electrification
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Aerial Infrared Thermography: A Scalable Procedure for Photovoltaics Inspections Based on Efficiency and Flexibility
摘要： The objective of this contribution is to explore innovative ways to increase the efficiency of large scale photovoltaic systems (LSPVS) in the medium term through effective management of operating, monitoring and maintenance (OMM) costs based on aerial surveillance with small multi-rotor flight robot (s-MRFR). An effective solution of OMM cost assessment must capture the dynamic interaction between energy market developments, technological progress and investor tolerance to the risk posed by climate changes. The valuation method for OMM cost-risk analysis is based on generalized Wiener process with stochastic jumps. The interest is to increase the value of the investment by using innovative but efficient procedures of PV systems inspection based on aerial infrared thermography. The results are encouraging because the total costs of s-MRFR monitoring are very low compared to the benefits.
关键词： Photovoltaic systems,small multi-rotor flight robot,aerial infrared thermography,climate change impacts,cost analysis
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Thermoeconomic Modeling and Parametric Study of a Photovoltaic-Assisted 1 MWe Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power System
摘要： In this study a small-scale, completely autonomous combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system is coupled to a photovoltaic (PV) subsystem, to investigate the possibility of reducing fuel consumption. The CCHP system generates electrical energy with the use of a simple gas turbine cycle, with a rated nominal power output of 1 MWe. The nominal power output of the PV subsystem is examined in a parametric study, ranging from 0 to 600 kWe, to investigate which con?guration results in a minimum lifecycle cost (LCC) for a system lifetime of 20 years of service. The load pro?le considered is applied for a complex of households in Nicosia, Cyprus. The solar data for the PV subsystem are taken on an hourly basis for a whole year. The results suggest that apart from economic bene?ts, the proposed system also results in high ef?ciency and reduced CO2 emissions. The parametric study shows that the optimum PV capacity is 300 kWe. The minimum lifecycle cost for the PV-assisted CCHP system is found to be 3.509 million €, as compared to 3.577 million € for a system without a PV subsystem. The total cost for the PV subsystem is 547,445 €, while the total cost for operating the system (fuel) is 731,814 € (compared to 952,201 € for a CCHP system without PVs). Overall, the proposed system generates a total electrical energy output of 52,433 MWh (during its whole lifetime), which translates to a unit cost of electricity of 0.067 €/kWh.
关键词： lique?ed natural gas,photovoltaic,autonomous system,energy ef?ciency,parametric study,thermoeconomic modeling,cost analysis,solar energy,distributed generation,cogeneration
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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Design, Simulation, and Economic Optimization of an Off-Grid Photovoltaic System for Rural Electrification
摘要： Access to clean and a?ordable energy in rural African regions can contribute greatly to social development. Hence, this article proposes the design, simulation, and optimization of a stand-alone photovoltaic system (SAPV) to provide non-polluting electrical energy based on a renewable source for a rural house located in Tazouta, Morocco. Real monthly electrical demands and hourly climatic conditions were utilized. An initial design process indicated that, with a 1080 Wp total capacity of PV modules and 670 Ah of battery storage, the proposed SAPV system was able to meet a considerable part of the dwelling load with an average solar fraction of about 79.1%. The rest of the energy demand was ensured by a diesel generator (DG). Also, a life cycle analysis of the PV system revealed that the life cycle cost is 10,195.56 USD and the unit electricity cost is 0.57 USD/kWh for an initial investment of 4858.68 USD. Thereafter, an optimum design based on Homer Pro software was carried out indicating that lower PV capacity can decrease the unit energy cost to 0.356 USD/kWh while reducing the solar fraction to 54.9%.
关键词： design,o?-grid,Morocco,photovoltaic,simulation,life cycle cost analysis,optimization
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Self-Aligned Metal Electrodes in Fully Roll-to-Roll Processed Organic Transistors
摘要： We demonstrate the production of organic bottom gate transistors with self-aligned electrodes, using only continuous roll-to-roll (R2R) techniques. The self-alignment allows accurate <5 μm layer-to-layer registration, which is usually a challenge in high-speed R2R environments as the standard registration methods are limited to the millimeter range—or, at best, to tens of μm if online cameras and automatic web control are utilized. The improved registration enables minimizing the overlap between the source/drain electrodes and the gate electrode, which is essential for minimizing the parasitic capacitance. The complete process is a combination of several techniques, including evaporation, reverse gravure, ?exography, lift-off, UV exposure and development methods—all transferred to a continuous R2R pilot line. Altogether, approximately 80 meters of devices consisting of thousands of transistors were manufactured in a roll-to-roll fashion. Finally, a cost analysis is presented in order to ascertain the main costs and to predict whether the process would be feasible for the industrial production of organic transistors.
关键词： roll-to-roll,cost analysis,self-alignment,printing,organic transistor
更新于2025-09-04 15:30:14