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Optimizing Microstructure Morphology and Reducing Electronic Losses in 1-cm <sup>2</sup> Polymer Solar Cells to Achieve Efficiency over 15%
摘要： The successful demonstration of high-performance organic solar cells (OSCs) on relatively large-area is vital for their industrial viability and future application. When the device area is enlarged from several mm2 to the scale of >1 cm2, critical losses caused by film inhomogeneity or defects in the photoactive layer strongly restrict the performance and reproducibility of OSCs. In this work, we demonstrate that through delicate optimization of photoactive layer and minimization of optoelectronic losses, an impressive external quantum efficiency maximum up to 88% and an internal quantum efficiency peak of 97% are achieved for non-fullerene OSCs. Further incorporating fullerene as the third component into the photoactive layer optimizes the microstructure morphology, enabling the large-scale devices with an area of >1.1 cm2 surpassing the 15% efficiency milestone. The exciting results demonstrated in this work highlight the strategic priority to minimize losses through both materials and electronic engineering towards high-performance large-area OSCs.
关键词： large-area devices,photoactive layer,non-fullerene acceptors,organic solar cells,electronic losses,microstructure morphology
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Elucidating the effect of shunt losses on the performance of mesoporous perovskite solar cells
摘要： Mesoporous perovskite solar cells (MPSCs) suffer from various types of charge carrier losses, where shunt losses usually dominate. Herein, we perform a systematic study to investigate the impact of such losses on the photovoltaic performance of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3)-based MPSCs. The shunt losses in the MPSCs are attributed to the leakage current and the non-geminated recombination losses. We also demonstrate that these losses can be reduced by the incorporation of appropriate thickness of compact titanium oxide (c-TiO2) interlayer between FTO and mesoporous TiO2 (m-TiO2). As a result, MPSCs exhibit higher open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.05 V, short-circuit current density (JSC) of 23.27 mA cm?2, and the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.69% under one-sun illumination conditions. The improved device performance was attributed to (i) the efficient blocking of holes, (ii) the decrease of leakage current, and (iii) the suppression of the non-geminated recombination losses in the cells. The effect of the c-TiO2 layer thickness on the series resistance (RS), shunt resistance (RSh), and the non-geminated recombination were also discussed in detail.
关键词： Non-geminated recombination losses,Series and shunt resistance,Electron transport layer,Leakage current,Perovskite solar cell
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Selectivity Properties of Cylindrical Waveguides with Longitudinal Wall Corrugations for Second-Harmonic Gyrotrons
摘要： Spatial harmonic method is applied to investigate selectivity properties of longitudinally corrugated waveguides for potential application in second-harmonic gyrotrons. The effect of corrugations on frequencies, ohmic losses, and mode conversion of guiding TE modes is studied in details. Numerical results are presented for operating second-harmonic and competing first-harmonic modes of a 0.4-THz gyrotron with corrugated RF structure. It is shown that longitudinal wall corrugations of proper dimensions can ensure increase in ohmic losses and decrease in beam-wave coupling strength for the first-harmonic modes, while their effect on the operating mode is only slight. This demonstrates improved selectivity properties of corrugated waveguides for second-harmonic gyrotrons.
关键词： Ohmic losses,Gyrotron,Mode conversion,Cyclotron harmonic,Corrugated waveguide,Eigenvalue
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Solar Photovoltaic Array Reconfiguration using Magic Su-Do-Ku algorithm for Maximum Power Production under Partial Shading Conditions
摘要： Power generation using photovoltaic (PV) array diminishes during shading. Under the conditions, the solar PV modules are exposed to dissimilar solar irradiation. The power vs voltage curve and current vs voltage curve of such PV array consist of multiple peaks in its characteristics and consequently the mismatch losses occur. This paper explores the power enhancement in PV array, which is exposed to partial shading conditions, through Magic Su-Do-Ku based static reconfiguration. The previous suggested static reconfiguration strategies attain poor power enhancement due to ineffectual shade dispersion. This proposed Magic Su-Do-Ku based interconnection arrangement overcomes these drawbacks to attain uniform shadow dispersion without altering the Total-Cross-Tied (TCT) connections. The power enhancement of the PV array has been analyzed through its P-V characteristics, mismatch loss, and effect of shade dispersion on its maximum power point (MPP) with different shading patterns. The performance of suggested arrangement shows good results for various shading patterns.
关键词： Magic Su-Do-Ku pattern,Mismatch losses,Solar Photovoltaic system,Static reconfiguration,Partial shading
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Highly Efficient Indoor Organic Solar Cells by Voltage Losses Minimization through Fine-tuning of Polymer Structures
摘要： Herein we report a detailed study on the optoelectronic properties, photovoltaic performance, structural conformation, morphology variation, charge carrier mobility and recombination dynamics in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells comprising of a series of donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugated polymers as electron donors based on benzodithiophene (BDT) and 5,8-bis(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)-6,7-difluoro-2,3-bis(3-(octyloxy)phenyl)quinoxaline as a function of the BDT’s thienyl substitution (alkyl (WF3), alkylthio (WF3S) and fluoro (WF3F)). It is manifested the synergistic positive effects of the fluorine substituents on the minimization of the bimolecular recombination losses, the reduction of the series resistances (RS), the increment of the shunt resistances (RSh), the suppression of the trap-assisted recombination losses, the balanced charge transport, the finer nanoscale morphology and the deeper highest occupied molecular orbital (EHOMO) versus the alkyl- and alkylthio- substituents. According to these findings, WF3F:[6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) based-organic photovoltaic (OPV) device is a scarce example that feature a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.34% under 500 lx indoor LED light with a high open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.69 V, due to the suppression of the voltage losses and a PCE of 9.44% at 1-sun (100 mW/cm2) conditions, simultaneously.
关键词： Series and Shunt resistances,Coherence length,Conjugated polymers,Wide-angle X-ray scattering,Organic photovoltaic devices,Recombination losses,Indoor lighting conditions
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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AIP Conference Proceedings [AIP Publishing 15th International Conference on Concentrator Photovoltaic Systems (CPV-15) - Fes, Morocco (25–27 March 2019)] 15th International Conference on Concentrator Photovoltaic Systems (CPV-15) - Electrical and optical analysis of a spray coated transparent conductive adhesive for two-terminal silicon based tandem solar cells
摘要： This work presents the results of the electrical and optical characterization of a new transparent conductive adhesive (TCA) that combines the techniques of spray pyrolysis and a sol-gel like process. This approach is of particular interest since the adhesive itself forms both the electrical and the mechanical interconnection of the bonded sub-cells. The electrical and optical characterization of the developed TCA shows a minimum connecting resistivity of 17 ?cm2 and a simulated reflection at the Si-TCA interface of ≈ 20%. By coating both substrate surfaces with a TiO2 anti reflection coating (ARC), the reflectance at the Si-TCA interface was successfully reduced down to <5%. The efficiency potential of a glued dual junction device was simulated in dependence of the electrical and optical properties of the TCA. The reported values of 17 ?cm2 connecting resistivity and 20% reflection limit the device efficiency to 22.3% (71% of the maximum achievable efficiency). Reducing the reflection to below 5%, as practically demonstrated in this paper, allows to increase this value to 25.3% (>80% of maximum), while additionally reducing the connecting resistivity to 10 ?cm2 or 1 ?cm2 allows for a further increase to 27.3% and 30.0%, respectively.
关键词： reflection losses,sol-gel process,tandem solar cells,connecting resistivity,TiO2 anti reflection coating,electrical characterization,transparent conductive adhesive,optical characterization,spray pyrolysis
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Minimizing non-radiative recombination losses in perovskite solar cells
摘要： Photovoltaic solar cells based on metal-halide perovskites have gained considerable attention over the past decade because of their potentially low production cost, earth-abundant raw materials, ease of fabrication and ever-increasing power-conversion efficiencies of up to 25.2%. This type of solar cells offers the promise of generating electricity at a more competitive unit price than traditional fossil fuels by 2035. Nevertheless, the best research-cell efficiencies are still below the theoretical limit defined by the Shockley–Queisser theory, owing to the presence of non-radiative recombination losses. In this Review, we analyse the predominant pathways that contribute to non-radiative recombination losses in perovskite solar cells and evaluate their impact on device performance. We then discuss how non-radiative recombination losses can be estimated through reliable characterization techniques and highlight some notable advances in mitigating these losses, which hint at pathways towards defect-free perovskite solar cells. Finally, we outline directions for future work that will push the efficiency of perovskite solar cells towards the radiative limit.
关键词： defect passivation,photovoltaic,perovskite solar cells,Shockley–Queisser theory,non-radiative recombination losses
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Boosting the ultra-stable unencapsulated perovskite solar cells by using montmorillonite/CH <sub/>3</sub> NH <sub/>3</sub> PbI <sub/>3</sub> nanocomposite as photoactive layer
摘要： Lead halide perovskites, such as methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) can reach near 100% internal quantum e?ciency in single solar cells, but they still encounter significant thermodynamic losses in photon energy to o?set device photovoltage and performance. Herein, a novel prismatic perovskite solar cell with light trapping configuration, namely, Prim PVSC, is designed to mitigate such losses in devices, through modulating the pathway of light inside series cells, wherein incident high-to-low energy photons are separately captured by four horizontally aligned MAPbIxBr3?x subcells with varied bandgaps. This newly designed PVSC has remarkably led to a record open circuit voltage of 5.3 V in four series devices and power conversion e?ciency of 21.3%, which could provide a new way to break the performance bottleneck of perovskites. Practically, this type of device architecture could also be applied in flexible modules for large-area application.
关键词： perovskite solar cells,light trapping,photovoltage,thermodynamic losses,power conversion efficiency
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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[IEEE 2019 International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing (ICIEAM) - Sochi, Russia (2019.3.25-2019.3.29)] 2019 International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing (ICIEAM) - Optimization of Attachment Place of Two Photovoltaic Systems to Power Line with Distributed Load
摘要： Distributed generation based on photovoltaic systems is of interest for scientists and specialists, since it has an impact on power losses in distribution networks and voltage deviations at consumers, due to the change in power flows from busbars. The article analyzes the effect of connecting two photovoltaic systems to a power line with a distributed load in terms of power losses. As the objects of research, the systems of power supply to poultry farms were analyzed. Two methods have been proposed for determining the optimal power and places of connection of photovoltaic systems from the obtained analytical expressions for minimum electric power losses in a power line with distributed load, and based on the developed nomogram making it possible to determine approximately different sets of distances and powers of photovoltaic systems.
关键词： optimum active power,losses of electrical energy,grid-connected photovoltaic system,photovoltaic system,power supply diagram
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Modulation Effects on Power-loss and Leakage Current in Three-Phase Solar Inverters
摘要： Three-phase solar inverters can be operated with different modulation strategies such as sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (SPWM), space vector modulation (SVM), third-harmonic injection PWM (THIPWM). The selection of the modulation strategy can significantly affect PV leakage currents and power losses and compromise the inverter performance. This paper presents a detailed analysis of traditional and modified modulation effects on power semiconductor losses and photovoltaic (PV) leakage current. The research focuses on a three-phase Three-Level T-type Neutral Point Clamped (3L-TNPC) solar inverter. A detailed exploration of traditional SPWM and SVM is presented and a new modified modulation strategy referred to as two-triplen harmonic injection PWM (2THIPWM) which can substitute the SVM scheme. Analytical expressions are derived for the proposed 2THIPWM strategy which can be used for the SVM power-loss approximation. The comparison between 2THIPWM and SPWM shows a conduction-loss difference greater than the 5% normalized range. The modulation strategies are discussed with respect to the PV common mode current signature and specific design techniques in modulation lead to reduced leakage currents for safety compliance. The theoretical and experimental results obtained using a 3L-TNPC solar inverter are presented to evaluate the modulation strategies and their impact on performance.
关键词： three-phase modulation,PV leakage current,Three-phase three-level (3L) TNPC power semiconductor losses
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04