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Passivating contacts and tandem concepts: Approaches for the highest silicon-based solar cell efficiencies
摘要： The efficiency of photovoltaic energy conversion is a decisive factor for low-cost electricity from renewable energies. In recent years, the efficiency of crystalline silicon solar cells in mass production has increased annually by about 0.5–0.6%abs per year. In order to maintain this development speed, new technologies must be developed and transferred to industrial production. After the transition from full area Al back surface field cells to passivated emitter and rear contact cells, passivating contacts are an important step to get as close as possible to the efficiency limit of single junction Si solar cells. The theoretical background and the two prominent technologies for passivating contacts are presented and discussed. After implementing passivating contacts, the fundamental limit of single junction Si solar cells of 29.4% is in reach. Multi-junction solar cells are the most promising option to achieve efficiencies greater than 30%. Tandem technologies based on crystalline silicon as bottom cells have the advantage that they are based on a mature technology established on a gigawatt scale and can partially use the existing production capacity. In addition, silicon has an ideal bandgap for the lower subcell of a tandem solar cell. The two most promising material candidates for the top cell, i.e., III/V and perovskites, will be discussed. The presented technology routes show that silicon is able to maintain its outstanding position in photovoltaics in the coming years.
关键词： perovskites,multi-junction solar cells,III/V,photovoltaic energy conversion,passivating contacts,tandem technologies,crystalline silicon solar cells
更新于2025-09-23 15:19:57
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Design and Implementation of an IDA-PBC for a Grid Connected Inverter used in a Photovoltaic System
摘要： The paper presents an interconnection damping assignment - passivity based control (IDA-PBC) strategy applied to a grid-connected inverter interfaced Photovoltaic (PV) system. The PV power plant is integrated to the grid using a pulse-width-modulated converter. This is done to extract maximum energy from the renewable resource and feed it to the grid. The main contribution of this paper is to design a nonlinear control law based on IDA-PBC with a desired energy function along with an integral action. In the design of IDA-PBC, the Hamiltonian function is considered as a Lyapunov function candidate for analysing the stability criteria. In this paper, a step by step design procedure of the IDA-PBC is presented and the performance of the controller is compared with a conventional PI-based controller. A simulation study of the system is carried out in Matlab/Simulink environment. Finally, the simulation results show that the IDA-PBC with an integral action performs better during both transient and steady state conditions as compared with the PI-based controller.
关键词： Interconnection and damping assignment,Grid connected inverter,Photovoltaic energy conversion system,Port control Hamiltonian,Passivity based control
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22