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- 2019
- 7nm silicon node
- chip-package interaction
- laser assisted bonding
- quick temperature cycling test
- mass reflow
- embedded trace substrate
- hammer test
- Electronic Science and Technology
- MediaTek, Inc.
- JCET STATS ChipPAC Pte. Ltd.
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1-to-N Ring Power Combiners With Common Delta Ports
摘要： In this paper, we present a new 1-to-N way ring combiner that is an adaptation of the ring-hybrid (rat-race) structure. We present the general design guidelines for N-way planar ring combiners based on theoretical analysis of the structures. The proposed 1-to-N way ring structure offers a compact, planar layout that includes a single common delta port. This is beneficial to applications where power monitoring, calibration, or energy recycling can be leveraged. It offers similar loss to other N-way structures. To demonstrate the combiners operation, we present completely passive structures and structures with embedded power amplifiers for 4- and 6-way variants. The designs are optimized for operation in the 5–6 GHz unlicensed bands. The passive 4- and 6-way combiners achieve IL of 1.3 and 1 dB, respectively, with associated port isolations of <?30 dB. The combiners with embedded amplifiers show similar performance and are validated using modulated signals and demonstrate good measured linearity when combining up to 6 amplifiers for output powers >1 W.
关键词： ring-hybrid combiner,high power amplifier,power divider,Power combiner,rat-race combiner
更新于2025-09-23 15:22:29
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Robust Detection using sparse laser scanner with Autonomous Race Car
摘要： In this paper, a novel laser detection approach with lower objects is proposed. The detection method is based on RANSAC and another filter. For RANSAC, it detects ground surface and delete it in different driving condition. After that using Cluster, it can divide points into different groups which represents objects. Finally, there is a modified Formula SAE race car designed by author to finish experiment to test approach. We apply cones to combine track and do experiment in a random track to analysis the accuracy of detection.
关键词： autonomous race car,robust detection,RANSAC,objects cluster
更新于2025-09-16 10:30:52
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COUPLED LINE RAT-RACE COUPLER WITH WIDE ADJUSTABLE POWER DIVIDING RATIO AND UNCROSSED INPUT/OUTPUT PORTS
摘要： A novel rat-race coupler with wide adjustable range of power-dividing ratio and uncrossed input/output ports is presented by using coupling adjustable trans-directional (TRD) coupled lines, parallel coupled lines and a 180? phase shifting line. Wide adjustable range of power-dividing ratios is accomplished by varying the coupling of the TRD coupled lines. Moreover, with the combination of the TRD coupled lines and parallel coupled lines, the input and output ports of the rat-race coupler are uncrossed. The structure of the proposed rat-race coupler is analyzed, and the design equations are derived. As an example to validate the feature of the proposed rat-race coupler, a prototype operating at 1.6 GHz is devised, fabricated and measured. The measured results show that the designed coupler has a wide adjustable range (?7 ～ 15 dB) of power dividing ratio with a controlled voltage range of 3.3 to 13.5 V.
关键词： rat-race coupler,parallel coupled lines,TRD coupled lines,uncrossed input/output ports,180? phase shifting line,adjustable power-dividing ratio
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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UNRAVELED FRINGE-LIKE MARGINS AND BIPHASIC AUTOFLUORESCENCE OF UNILATERAL RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM DYSGENESIS
摘要： To illustrate the features of unilateral retinal pigment epithelium dysgenesis (URPED) in an African-American male patient. A 47-year-old asymptomatic African-American man was referred for an atypical subretinal pigmented mass in the left eye. On examination, visual acuity was 20/20 in both eyes. The right eye was unremarkable. The left eye revealed a darkly pigmented grey-black lesion at the level of the RPE with irregular, unraveled fringe-like margins, consistent with URPED. The lesion measured 5 mm in basal dimension and was located 400 mm from the foveola. The dark portion of the lesion was grey-black and demonstrated homogeneous hypoauto?uorescence, particularly at the site of grey-white peripheral fringe of ?brous metaplasia. By contrast, there was an additional, subtle lacey arrangement of normal-appearing RPE traversing over the entire lesion demonstrating isoauto?uorescence. On ?uorescein angiography, the lesion was generally hypo?uorescent, particularly in the dark portion of the lesion, but the peripheral fringe of ?brous metaplasia displayed angiographic hyper?uorescent staining, and the subtle lacey normal RPE showed iso?uorescence. Optical coherence tomography demonstrated RPE hyperplasia and shallow RPE detachment interspersed with normal-appearing RPE and thinning of outer retina and preservation of the foveola and choroid. In this case, URPED demonstrated biphasic auto?uorescence implying RPE dysfunction in the hypoauto?uorescent area and partial RPE function in the lacey isoauto?uorescent region.
关键词： optical coherence tomography,African-American,retinal pigment epithelium,auto?uorescence,race,dysgenesis
更新于2025-09-12 10:27:22
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Ultra-Compact Tunable Filtering Rat-Race Coupler Based on Half-Mode SIW Evanescent-Mode Cavity Resonators
摘要： In this paper, for the first time, an ultra-compact frequency-tunable filtering rat-race coupler based on half-mode evanescent-mode (EVA) cavity resonators is presented. Employing EVA cavity resonators in the coupler design yields attractive characteristics, such as a wide tuning range and a wide spurious-free range, while also adding filtering functionality to the device. The presented coupler is synthesized as a two pole bandpass filter using the coupling matrix method. Then, the coupling coefficients are mapped to a coupler topology. Design, simulations, and experimental validation are presented. The implemented rat-race coupler has a very compact size [0.14λg × 0.14λg (λg at 885 MHz)] achieving a 92% miniaturization in the structure footprint compared to the conventional planar one. The coupler has an 86% tuning range ranging between 0.885–1.65 GHz. Throughout the tuning range, the coupler shows an equal power splitting ratio and filtering profile with a measured insertion loss and 3-dB fractional bandwidth between 5 and 4.2 dB and 6.8% and 8%, respectively. The measured isolation is better than 30 dB. In addition, the coupler has a measured spurious-free range of 10.2 fo (at the lowest frequency) to 5.45 fo (at the highest frequency).
关键词： rat-race coupler,tunable resonators,Evanescent-mode (EVA) cavity,tunable coupler,half-mode
更新于2025-09-11 14:15:04
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Theory and Design of a Retrodirective Rat-Race-Based RFID Tag
摘要： Movement towards mm-wave backscatter communications in radio-frequency identification (RFID) systems necessitates seeking designs that compensate for the path loss introduced by the radio channel. A viable, simple, and power-efficient solution is to equip RFID tags with retrodirective arrays, which guarantee reflection with maximal gain in the direction of incidence. In this paper, we build upon a previous work to design and implement an original retrodirective tag in which its feeding network is a properly-terminated rat-race coupler. We start by deriving the required terminations that ensure retrodirectivity. Then, we build a retrodirective tag and experimentally compare its radar cross section to that of a single-antenna tag. The measurements reveal that the radar cross section of the proposed retrodirective tag is, on average, approximately 6 dB more than that of a single-antenna tag while both tags have the same field-of-view. From the promising results in this paper, the proposed design is a potential candidate for next-generation microwave and mm-wave RFID tags because it is compatible with low-power reflection amplifiers (e.g., tunnel diodes), it can implement multiple modulation schemes without changing the circuit layout, and it can be implemented using only a single RF switch.
关键词： multi-modulation RFID tags,Retrodirective arrays,rat-race coupler
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Variation in the Three-Dimensional Histomorphometry of the Normal Human Optic Nerve Head With Age and Race: Lamina Cribrosa and Peripapillary Scleral Thickness and Position
摘要： This study quantified the thickness and depth of the lamina cribrosa (LC) and peripapillary scleral thickness in high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) fluorescent reconstructions of the optic nerve head (ONH) in eyes from donors of African (AD) and European descent (ED). A total of 64 eyes (45 ED, 19 AD) from 51 normal donors were obtained within 6 hours of death and fixed at 10 mm Hg of pressure. The optic nerve head was trephined from the globe and digitally reconstructed at 1.5 3 1.5 3 1.5 lm voxel resolution with an automated episcopic fluorescence technique. The load-bearing ONH connective tissue surfaces were manually delineated in 3D using custom software. The lamina cribrosa and peripapillary sclera were significantly thinner in AD eyes adjusting for age and sex (LC was 24 6 11 lm thinner; P ? 0.0350; scleral was 56 6 22 lm thinner; P ? 0.0097). The lamina cribrosa was significantly thinner in females (23 6 11 lm thinner; P ? 0.0425). Age was not significantly associated with any morphologic parameter in the ED group. However, increasing age was associated with an increase in scleral thickness (1.3 lm/year, P ? 0.0499) and an increase in LC depth (2.3 lm/year, P ? 0.0035) in the AD group. The sclera was thickest in the superior and temporal regions while the LC was thinnest superiorly. Substantial sectorial and racial differences in LC and scleral morphology were observed, as well as increasing LC depth and scleral thickness with age in the AD group. Results suggest greater age-related remodeling of the load-bearing ONH connective tissues in eyes from AD individuals that could explain, in part, the greater predilection to glaucomatous injury seen in aged AD populations.
关键词： race,lamina cribrosa,morphometry,optic nerve head
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46
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Effects of Age, Race, and Ethnicity on the Optic Nerve and Peripapillary Region Using Spectral-Domain OCT 3D Volume Scans
摘要： Purpose: To evaluate the effects of age, race, and ethnicity on the optic nerve and peripapillary retina using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) three-dimensional (3D) volume scans in normal subjects. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study performed at a single institution in Boston. All patients received retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) scans and an optic nerve 3D volume scan. The SD-OCT software calculated peripapillary RNFL thickness, retinal thickness (RT), and retinal volume (RV). Custom-designed software calculated neuroretinal rim minimum distance band (MDB) thickness and area. Results: There were 272 normal subjects, including 175 whites, 40 blacks, 40 Asians, and 17 Hispanics. Rates of age-related decline were 2.3%, 2.0%, 1.7%, 3.3%, and 4.3% per decade for RNFL, RT, RV, MDB neuroretinal rim thickness, and MDB area, respectively. The RNFL was most affected by racial and ethnic variations, with Asians having thicker global, superior, and inferior RNFL, Hispanics having thicker inferior RNFL, and blacks having thinner temporal RNFL, compared to whites. For MDB thickness and area, Asians had smaller nasal values and blacks had smaller temporal values. Peripapillary RT and RV parameters were not influenced by race and ethnicity. Conclusions: All of the parameters exhibited age-related declines. RNFL, MDB thickness, and MDB area demonstrated racial and ethnic variations, while peripapillary RT and RV did not. Translational Relevance: This study demonstrates that both normal aging and ethnicity affect several novel 3D OCT parameters used to diagnose and monitor glaucoma (i.e., RT, RV, and MDB), and this should be factored in when making clinical decisions based on these parameters.
关键词： aging,age,optic nerve,spectral-domain OCT,race,peripapillary retina,three-dimensional OCT
更新于2025-09-09 09:28:46