1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study involved the synthesis of CZTS thin films through an ambient-air sulfurization process, where sulfur powder and oxide precursor films were enclosed in a quartz container to self-create an inert atmosphere during annealing.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Metal salts were used to prepare oxide nanoparticle ink, which was then coated on molybdenum-coated soda-lime glass to form precursor films.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Quartz ampoules, tube furnace or muffle furnace, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman measurement, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-visible spectrophotometer, Keithley 4200-SCS for J-V and C-V measurements, and a solar simulator for EQE measurements.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

The precursor films were sulfurized in quartz ampoules with varying amounts of sulfur powder under ambient-air conditions, followed by characterization and device fabrication.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

The crystallinity, morphology, composition, and optoelectronic properties of the films were analyzed using XRD, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, EDX, XPS, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Device performance was evaluated through J-V, C-V, and EQE measurements.