1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study employed an inverted hybrid structure for QD-LEDs with a cathode and an inorganic ETL at the bottom, and an organic HTL and anode at the top. The fabrication process of the reactively sputtered ZTO ETL was optimized, and a thermally evaporated WOx CRL was adopted to improve electron-hole balance.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

ITO-coated glass substrates were used for device fabrication. CdSe/ZnS core-shell QDs were used for the EML, and TAPC was used as the HTL material.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment included a pulsed-DC magnetron sputtering system for ZTO deposition, a vacuum thermal evaporation system for WOx CRL deposition, and an I–V–L tester combined with a spectroradiometer for device characterization.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

The fabrication process involved surface cleaning and modification of the ITO cathode, deposition of the WOx CRL and ZTO ETL, spin-coating of the QD EML, and evaporation of the HTL, HIL, and anode.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Impedance spectroscopy was used to analyze charge carrier injection and recombination behaviors. The I–V–L characteristics were measured to evaluate device performance.