1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study involved the fabrication of TiO2/ZnO hybrid nanocomposites (TZ) through a two-step synthesis route for use as photoanodes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The first step involved the growth of TiO2 nanotubes on titanium sheets via electrochemical oxidation. The second step involved decorating these nanotubes with ZnO nanorods using a hydrothermal method with equimolar (0.1M) precursors. Hydrothermal temperatures were varied to optimize the decoration density and enhance photo conversion efficiency.

2：1M) precursors. Hydrothermal temperatures were varied to optimize the decoration density and enhance photo conversion efficiency. Sample Selection and Data Sources:

2. Sample Selection and Data Sources: Titanium foils (1.3x2.5 cm, 0.25 thickness, 99.7% purity) were used as the substrate for TiO2 nanotube growth. ZnO nanorods were synthesized on these nanotubes using zinc nitrate hexahydrate and hexamethylenetetramine as precursors.

3：3x5 cm, 25 thickness, 7% purity) were used as the substrate for TiO2 nanotube growth. ZnO nanorods were synthesized on these nanotubes using zinc nitrate hexahydrate and hexamethylenetetramine as precursors. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: Equipment included an ultrasonic bath for cleaning, a DC power supply for anodic oxidation, a Teflon-coated stainless steel hydrothermal reactor for ZnO nanorod synthesis, and various characterization tools such as FE-SEM, XRD, and XPS. Materials included titanium foils, NH4F, ethylene glycol, zinc nitrate hexahydrate, and hexamethylenetetramine.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

The process began with cleaning titanium foils, followed by anodic oxidation to grow TiO2 nanotubes. These nanotubes were then annealed to convert them into the anatase phase. ZnO nanorods were grown on the nanotubes via hydrothermal synthesis at varying temperatures. The resulting TZ photoanodes were characterized and used to assemble DSSCs, which were then tested for performance.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

The performance of the DSSCs was evaluated using current-voltage (J-V) measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The morphology and composition of the photoanodes were analyzed using FE-SEM, XRD, and XPS.