1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study employed a one-pot hydrothermal method followed by sulfurization to prepare MoS2–MoO2 and MoS2–MoO2/MWCNTs films on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glasses. The films were characterized using XRD, Raman spectroscopy, FESEM, TEM, CV, EIS, and Tafel polarization plots.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

The samples included MoO2, MoO2/MWCNTs, MoS2–MoO2, and MoS2–MoO2/MWCNTs films prepared on FTO glasses.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment used included XRD (Panalytical, Empyrean), Raman spectroscopy (Bruker, Senterra II), FESEM (JEOL, JSM-700 1F), TEM (FEI, TECNAI G2 20), CV and EIS (Gamry REF 3000), and a solar simulator system (Peccell, PE-L111). Materials included ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate, MWCNTs, sulfur powder, and FTO glasses.

4：1). Materials included ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate, MWCNTs, sulfur powder, and FTO glasses. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

4. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow: The films were prepared via hydrothermal synthesis at 180°C for 24h, followed by sulfurization at 500°C for 2h in argon. The DSSCs were assembled using these films as counter electrodes, and their performance was evaluated.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

The electrocatalytic activity was analyzed using CV and EIS, while the power conversion efficiency was measured using a solar simulator.