1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study involved mixing TiO2 sub-microspheres (400 nm in diameter) with nanocrystallines (20 nm in diameter) in varying ratios (0%, 5%, 10%, and 20%) to form a composite photoanode. The mixture was deposited on FTO glass using a screen-printing method and sintered. The photoanode was then immersed in N719 dye solution. A counter electrode was prepared with Pt-coated FTO glass, and the DSSC was assembled with an electrolyte solution.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

TiO2 pastes with different particle sizes were purchased from Greatcell Solar Limited.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, FEI Inspect F50), X-ray diffraction (XRD, Smartlab, Rigaku), Transmission electron microscope (TEM, Tecnai G2 F20), UV–vis absorption spectra measurement equipment.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

The TiO2 paste mixture was screen-printed on FTO glass, sintered, immersed in dye, and assembled into DSSC. Performance was measured under simulated sunlight.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

XRD patterns, SEM and TEM images, and UV–vis absorption spectra were analyzed to evaluate the photoanode's structure and performance.