研究目的
To develop material platforms that offer continuous tuning of λENZ from 1280 nm to 2900 nm in commercially available thin films of indium tin oxide (ITO), employing a low temperature annealing protocol, and to exploit the novel properties of ENZ materials for real-world applications.
研究成果
The study demonstrates the continuous tunability of the optical properties of ITO thin films, quantifying the optical parameters, and provides clues to optimizing the various regions of interest for plasmonic and nonlinear applications. The annealing process not only tunes the dc electrical properties of the system but also its ac response in line with the Drude model.
研究不足
The study is limited by the trade-off between increasing ne and mobility, which maximizes the dc conductivity but may compromise carrier mobility. Additionally, the effects of optical losses in both the metallic and dielectric regime of ITO that adversely affect its plasmonic properties, electric field enhancement, and the ensuing nonlinear refractive index change are discussed.
1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:
The study employed a low temperature annealing protocol to tune the optical properties of ITO thin films. Electrical, spectroscopic, and optical measurements were conducted to establish the physical basis of the observed tunability in free electron density.
2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:
Commercial ITO coated glass with sheet resistances in the range of 8–12 Ω/□ and 70–100 Ω/□ were used. The films were annealed in air in a Carbolite CWF 1300 box furnace at various temperatures and durations.
3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:
Equipment included a powder diffractometer (Empyrean, PANalytical), a Bruker Multimode 8 Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), a Perkin Elmer Lambda 900 spectrophotometer, a Keithley 2400 source meter, a Lakeshore 336 temperature controller, and a Scienta Omicron XPS.
4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:
The films were annealed at various temperatures and durations in ambient atmosphere or vacuum. Reflectance spectra, dielectric properties, and plasmonic response were measured and analyzed.
5：Data Analysis Methods:
A custom written MATLAB code was developed to implement the transfer matrix method (TMM) representing the Fresnel equations and extract fit dielectric properties.
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