1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

A simple microwave-assisted process was employed to prepare the Ag/TiO2-x composites. The synthesis involved the reduction of TiO2 with vitamin C under microwave radiation, followed by photochemical deposition of Ag particles.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Pristine macro-/meso-porous TiO2 framework was used as the starting material. The samples were characterized using XPS, XRD, SEM, TEM, STEM, HR-TEM, EPR, BET surface area analysis, and UV–vis absorption spectra.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Microwave reactor (Discover SP 909155), X-ray diffraction (Bruker AXS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (VG Escalab 220i-XL), SEM (S–3400 N), HRTEM and STEM (FEI talos 200X), EPR (MEX-nano spectrometer), BET surface area analyzer (ASAP 2020HD 88), UV–vis spectrophotometer (UV–vis 2550).

4：0). Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

4. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow: The TiO2-x was prepared by microwave-assisted reduction of TiO2 with vitamin C, followed by photodeposition of Ag nanoparticles. The photocatalytic activities were evaluated through hydrogen production and RhB degradation under visible light.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

The photocatalytic performance was analyzed based on hydrogen production rates and RhB degradation kinetics. The photoelectrochemical properties were evaluated through transient photocurrent responses and electrochemical impedance spectra.