1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study utilized a bench-top programmable laser machine for laser-induced carbonization of polyimide substrates to create temperature sensors. The sensors were integrated with flexible printed circuit boards (FPCBs) for real-time temperature monitoring.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Commercially available Kapton (PI) sheets were used as substrates. The sensors were tested over a temperature range of -10 to 60°C to evaluate their performance.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

A bench-top programmable laser machine (INLASER, Korea) with a wavelength of 1064 nm was used. Other materials included Kapton polyimide films and anisotropic conductive film for bonding.

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

The PI substrates were cleaned and then subjected to laser carbonization. Desired patterns were designed in AutoCAD and fed into the laser machine. The sensors were then encapsulated with sticky PET to avoid environmental interaction.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Electrical and mechanical measurements were carried out using Keithley 4200-SCS and ultimate tensile machine (UTM) Mark 10 Corp. (model ESM303), respectively. Material characterization was performed using Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).