1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study involved the development of a composite electrode combining spray-coated Ag nanowires and low-temperature sol-gel zinc oxide to address issues in flexible perovskite solar cells. The methodology included optimizing the concentration and annealing temperature of sol-gel ZnO.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Silver nanowires dispersed in deionized water and diluted to 1.4 mg/mL with isopropanol (IPA) were used. The diameter and length of Ag nanowire are 30 nm and 20–30 μm, respectively.

3：4 mg/mL with isopropanol (IPA) were used. The diameter and length of Ag nanowire are 30 nm and 20–30 μm, respectively. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

3. List of Experimental Equipment and Materials: Materials included silver nanowires, zinc acetate, dimethoxy ethanol, ethanolamine, PEDOT: PSS (AI 4083), lead chloride (PbCl2, 99%), Lead iodide (PbI2, 99%), Methylammonium Iodide (MAI, 99.5%), and (6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM). Equipment included a spray-method device (Hizenith AC300-1), UV–vis–NIR Spectro-photometer (PerkinElmer), SEM (S-4800), steady-state and transient-state fluorescence spectrometer (JY Fluorolog-3-Tou), AFM (Dimension 3100), and SIMS.

4：5%), and (6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM). Equipment included a spray-method device (Hizenith AC300-1), UV–vis–NIR Spectro-photometer (PerkinElmer), SEM (S-4800), steady-state and transient-state fluorescence spectrometer (JY Fluorolog-3-Tou), AFM (Dimension 3100), and SIMS. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

4. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow: The Ag NWs were fabricated on PET substrates by spray method. The ZnO sol-gel precursor was prepared and deposited on the top of Ag NWs through spin-coating method. The composite electrode film was annealed on a hot plate. The MAPbIxCl3-x active layer was fabricated through one step anti-solvent method.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

The transmittance and absorption spectra were measured, and the micrograph was investigated by SEM. Photoluminescence was tested, and surface morphology was observed by AFM. The ionic migration after aging was investigated by SIMS. The J–V characteristics of devices were measured using a Keithley model 2400 source measurement unit.