1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The sample was prepared by solution combustion synthesis using glycine as fuel. Titanium (IV) isopropoxide, cerous nitrate, H3PO4, and glycine were used as precursors. The solution was ignited in a muffle furnace pre-heated to 450 °C, yielding a voluminous solid material. The solid product was calcined at the same temperature for another 1 h. The as-prepared sample was heated at 400 °C, 500 °C, 600 °C, and 700 °C for 4 h at a heating rate of 3 °C/min.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

The crystallinity and particle size were investigated by XRD patterns collected in the range 20–80° (2θ). UV–Vis reflectance absorption spectra were obtained within the range 250–800 nm. XPS characterizations were performed using a Kα system with monochromatic Al Kα excitation. SEM images were obtained from a JEOL JSM7000F field emission scanning electron microscope.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Rigaku X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Shimadzu UV-2550 UV–vis spectrophotometer, Kα system (Thermo scientific) for XPS, JEOL JSM7000F field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM).

4：Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

The solution combustion synthesis method was used for sample preparation. The sample was characterized by XRD, SEM, UV–vis absorption spectra, and XPS after heating at different temperatures.

5：Data Analysis Methods:

XRD analysis for structural phases and crystallite sizes, UV–Vis reflectance absorption spectra for optical properties, XPS for surface elemental distribution and oxidation states, SEM for morphology analysis.