1：Experimental Design and Method Selection:

The study involved synthesizing ligands and Pd(II) complexes, characterizing them using spectroscopic and analytical techniques, and evaluating their DNA binding, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities through various assays. Theoretical models like Stern–Volmer and Scatchard equations were used for data analysis.

2：Sample Selection and Data Sources:

Herring sperm DNA (HS DNA), pUC19 DNA, bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and brine shrimp were used. Chemicals were purchased from Sigma Aldrich and other suppliers.

3：List of Experimental Equipment and Materials:

Equipment includes Bruker Avance NMR spectrometer, FT‐IR Shimadzu spectrophotometer, EURO EA3000 Elemental Analyser, ThermoScientific mass spectrophotometer, UV‐160A UV–vis spectrophotometer, Gouy's method for magnetic moments, SDT Q600 thermogravimetric analyzer, conductivity meter, Fluoromax‐4 spectrofluorometer, Ubbelohde viscometer, HEX 8.0 software for docking, and gel electrophoresis setup. Materials include Na2PdCl4, various acetyl thiophenes, acetanilide, POCl3, DMF, agarose, EB, etc.

4：0 software for docking, and gel electrophoresis setup. Materials include Na2PdCl4, various acetyl thiophenes, acetanilide, POCl3, DMF, agarose, EB, etc. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow:

4. Experimental Procedures and Operational Workflow: Synthesis of ligands and complexes, characterization (NMR, IR, elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, UV–vis, conductance, TGA), DNA binding studies (absorption and fluorescence titration, viscosity measurements), molecular docking, gel electrophoresis for DNA cleavage, antibacterial assays (broth dilution method), cytotoxicity tests (brine shrimp lethality and S. pombe staining).

5：Data Analysis Methods:

Data were analyzed using linear Stern–Volmer and Scatchard plots for binding constants, van 't Hoff equation for thermodynamic parameters, and statistical methods for cytotoxicity and antibacterial activities. Software like HEX 8.0 and Discovery Studio were used for docking studies.